Individual differences - Freud, Yerks, Baron Cohen, Handcock

Question 1

Freud - what was the aim/background of the study?

Answer 1

Wanted to test the Oedipus complex

Question 2

Freud - what was the sample of the study?

Answer 2

1 boy little Hanz 5 years old

Question 3

Freud - what was the Procedure of the study?

Answer 3

Freud suggested possible lines of questioning which the father could try with Hans, and the father tried them and reported to Freud what had taken place.

Question 4

Freud - what was the Results of the study?

Answer 4

.3yrs old developed fascination with widdler , asking “mummy” have you got a wider too.
.5yrs old , afraid a horse will bite him in the st, and a fear of large penises.

Question 5

Freud - what was Little Hans Phobia?

Answer 5

.Fear of white horses with back bits round their mouths

.Fear that his father would castrate him for desiring his mother.

Question 6

Freud - How did Freud interpret the phobia?

Answer 6

.Horses represented his father related to the Oedipus complex, his desire to sit on a crumpled Giraffe was his desire to have a big penis and be with his mother with his father as the grandfather, seeing this as a resolution to the Oedipus complex.

Question 7

Freud - Evaluation?

Answer 7

• Small sample, unrepresentative
• Biased source Hans father already familiar with complex
  + qualitative deep data

Question 8

Gould/ Yerks - what was the aim/background of the study?

Answer 8

Examine the early history of intelligence testing, yerks who set up intelligence testing for army to find officers/,

Question 9

Gould/ Yerks - what was the sample of the study?

Answer 9

1.75 Million Us army recruits

Question 10

Gould/ Yerks - what was the Method of the study?

Answer 10

.Review Yerks Intelligence testing -
.P’s sat a Alpha test; 8 part test designed for literate recruits, Bet test; This was designed for people who were illiterate or failed the Army Alpha Test,
Or a spoken examination although this rarely happened.

Question 11

Gould/ Yerks - what was the results of the study?

Answer 11

.Average white American man had an average mental age of just 13, which is just above that of a ‘moron’. .European immigrants were graded by their country of origin
.Darker people of Southern Europe and the Slavs of Eastern Europe being the least intelligent
.Black men had an average mental age of 10.41!
.Nordic people from Northern Europe were the most intelligent.

Question 12

Gould/ Yerks - what was Gould’s evaluation of the study?

Answer 12

• Validity; did not measure intelligence but education level
• Sampling bias only men
• Ethnocentric questions based on American culture
  + Huge sample

Question 13

Baron Cohan - what was the aim/background of the study?

Answer 13

.To find out if individuals on the autistic spectrum had deficits with theory of mind.
.Second aim of the study was to find out if there were gender differences in theory of mind.

Question 14

Baron Cohan - what was the sample of the study?

Answer 14

g1 .16 individuals with autism 13M - 3F
g2 .50 Normal age matched adults 25M - 25F
g3 .10 Adults with Tourettes 8M - 2F

Question 15

Baron Cohan - what was the Method of the study?

Answer 15

.Showed pair of Eyes and nothing else
.Eyes task - two emotional words had to choose which one
.Gender task - choose gender
.Basic emotion task showed full face had to choose out of 6 emotions.
.Happé’s Strange Stories Task - tell p basic story and ask questions about it

Question 16

Baron Cohan - what was the Results of the study?

Answer 16

.Eye task g1 16.3, g2 - 20,3 g3 - 20.4 (Autism scored lowest)
.Males scored lower then females
.Gender recognition task and basic emotion task - little to no difference between groups
.Strange stories - autism did much worse

Question 17

Baron Cohan - evaluation of the study?

Answer 17

+ ethics - protection from harm
+ Validity - well controlled
- Not generalisable

Question 18

Handcock - what was the aim/background of the study?

Answer 18

Examine psychopaths on;instrumental nature,unique material and socioemotional needs,emotional deficit

Question 19

Handcock - what was the Sample of the study?

Answer 19

.52 male murderers who had admitted to their crime

.14 Psychopaths and 38 Non psychopaths

Question 20

Handcock - what was the Method of the study?

Answer 20

.Interviewed for 25 mins about their crime

.Interviews transcribed then anylsied

Question 21

Handcock - what was the results of the study?

Answer 21

.Psychopaths used twice as many words relating to physiological needs
.Non psychopaths used more language relating to social needs
.Psychopaths used more past tense verbs

Question 22

Handcock - what was the evaluation of the study?

Answer 22

+ ethical as full consent
+ Internal validity - not told aim of study
- Researcher Bias in analysis