Criminal - Biological

Question 1

Raine et al - what was the sample ?

Answer 1

.41 P - 39M / 2F - charged with either murder or manslaughter - all pleaded NGRI (not guilty by reason of insanity)

Question 2

Raine et al - what was the Procedure?

Answer 2

.Matched pair design
.P injected with glucose tracker, then monitored for 32 minute period, while they completed a task whereby they indicated each time the number 0 appeared.
.After 32 mins p’s given pt scan.

Question 3

Raine et al - what was the results ?

Answer 3

.reduced activity in pre frontal cortex - lack of self control
.Less activity in the left side and more activity in the right side of the amygdale - lack of fear
.less activity in corpus callosum.

Question 4

Brunner - Summary?

Answer 4

.Study’d 5 males from one family in the Netherlands who were aggressive and had been to prison.
.Collected urine samples for 24 hours
.Found they could not produce MAOA, therefore meaning they had high levels of serotonin.

Question 5

Jahoda - Summary?

Answer 5

.Ashanti tribe boys given names for day of week, correlate with behaviour, Wednesday = aggressive while Monday = placid.
.Found Wednesday boys committed 22% of violent offences compared to 6.9% Monday
.Suggests its down to the expectations put on them.

Question 6

Raine Mauritius study - Summary?

Answer 6

.1795 children studies from 3 years old.
.100 children given 3 part intervention program including; nutrition, Physical exercise, Cognitive stimulation.
.Results; at 11 children could focus better, at age 17 were less aggressive and less cruel.

Question 7

Smoking in pregnancy study - Summary?

Answer 7

.result’s of smoking during pregnancy = high amount of pre natal exposure to testosterone.

Question 8

Hall and Player - what was the aim / background?

Answer 8

Experiment whether emotional context will effect the judgement of expert fingerprint analysis.

Question 9

Hall and Player - what was the sample ?

Answer 9

70 fingerprint experts working for metropolitan police.

Question 10

Hall and Player - what was the procedure ?

Answer 10

.14 Fingerprint’s imposed on 50 pound note.
.Analysed crimes as they normally would
.Put into two conditions, high emotional context and low emotional context.

Question 11

Hall and Player - what was the results ?

Answer 11

.57/70 read crime scene report, 52% thought it had influences their decision.
.No significant difference between actual matches

Question 12

Dror Top down biases - Summary?

Answer 12

.Two processes for analysing fingerprints; Bottom up approaches (data driven), top down approaches(based on previous experiences)
.Top down cognitive biases eg; Expectancy bias, Selective attention, Need determination perception.

Question 13

Dror et al - Summary?

Answer 13

.p’s = 27 students, analysed 96 fingerprints with high emotional context or low emotional context, some including subliminal messages “guilty”.
.results High emotional cases = 58% match, low emotional cases = 49%. adding the subliminal to high emotional = 66%.

Question 14

Miller “ sixpack” - Summary?

Answer 14

.Using a line up including fillers and foils to analyse hair samples for more accurate results.
.Less likely to produce false positives.

Question 15

Kassin et al - Summary?

Answer 15

.Linear approach -

1. Analyse crime scene print on its own
2. Analyse suspect print on its own
3. Compare and see if they match
4. Independent examiner should check this