INDIA unit 1 and 2

Question 1

What was the Indian reaction to the outbreak of WW1

Answer 1

-Instant support came from congress, the muslim league and the princely states

-even radical Indian politicians like Ban Tilak declared loyalty to Britain

-27 of India’s largest Princely states put their armies at Britains disposal and commissioned a hospital ship, loyalty

-recruitment of Indians for troops were a success

Question 2

what was India’s military contribution to world war 1?

Answer 2

-827,000 troops recruited by November 1914

-about 1.6 million Indians had been recruited by the end of the war and 64,500 died

-indias military contribution was vital to British victory, providing troops, ammunition and food

-first Indian force arrived in Marseilles in September 1914 for the First Battle of Ypres (one battalion was left by the end with half of it’s soldiers)

Question 3

India’s economic contribution to WW1

Answer 3

-Contributed 184,000 animals and $146 million to war effort

-India gave war loans to Britain

Question 4

economic IMPACT of WW1 on India

Answer 4

NEGATIVE
-increased taxation, rising prices and fuel shortages despite India not fighting for their own cause

-culture of grief and worry due to soldier deaths

-had to juggle demands of Britain for war amenities

POSITIVE
-indian manufacturing did benefit (IRON, STEEL, SUGAR, ENGINEERING AND CHEMICALS), India produced goods that they normally imported

-resulted in rising profits

Question 5

What was the montagu declaration and when was it

Answer 5

-Montagu declaration, 1917

-announced in 1917 in House of Commons by the Indian secretary Edward Montagu

-the declaration announced increasing Indian participation in self governance but didn’t outline how this would happen or when

-Edward montagu in his travels to India from 1917-18 understood how slow and conservative British administration was in India

Question 6

what were The Rowlatt Acts and when did they happen

Answer 6

-The Rowlatt Commission was set up in 1917 to investigate revolutionary activity in India as the effect of the war went on

-reported in July1918

-The rowlatt act was passed in 1919 and granted police powers to arrest without trial

-damaged English and Indian political relations, caused Jinnah to resign

• fully opposed the montagu declaration, montagu sanctioned it with reluctance but understood the need to prevent rebellion

Question 7

what was Indian opposition to the Rowlatt acts like and what did it lead to

Answer 7

-opposition flared up across India (Punjab and it’s capital Amritsar was
the worst)

-Hartals were organised for the 30th of March and 6th of April 1919 (implicated hindu and muslim cooperation)

-two organisers of the hartal were put under house arrest which turned the action violent causing riots

-general anti raj violence occurred as a result and 3 europeans were killed- caused Britain to lose control of Amritsar

-governer of Punjab (Michael o’dwyer) was scared of anti raj revolution and sent in troops causing the Amritsar massacre

Question 8

What was the Amritsar Massacre?

Answer 8

-occured April 1919

-Governer of Punjab, Michael O’Dwyer was convinced that an organised anti raj revolution would occur so sent in troops

-General Rex Dyer lead 1000 soldiers into Amritsar on the 12th of April, convinced an uprising was underway

-April 13th was Baisakhi day, an important religious festival and thousands of pilgrims arrived in Amritsar and congregated in a park with high walls with 4 exits, dyer ordered people against these meetings but they took place regardless

-dyer brought his men in and killed 400 and wounded 1500

Question 9

what important day was 13th of April 1919

Answer 9

-April 13th was Baisakhi day, an important religious festival and thousands of pilgrims arrived in Amritsar and congregated in a park with high walls with 4 exits

Question 10

what did dyer do after the Amritsar massacre

Answer 10

-established martial law in Amritsar
(indians passing europeans ha to salaam, public floggings, many low caste Indians were beat)

Question 11

British response to Amritsar

Answer 11

-House of Commons passed a motion to censure Dyer however the House of Lords supported him

-montagu set up enquiry into the massacre and after Dyer was forced to admit he had not warned before he fired, that they kept firing until they were out of ammunition, and wanted to punish the Punjabi for disobedience)

-the inquiry found no evidence that there was to be an organised revolution

-Dyer Censured and O’dwyer reprimanded

Question 12

what was the Indian response to the Amritsar massacre

Answer 12

-resentment towards raj

Question 13

The government of India act 1919

Answer 13

-Secretary of State Edwin montagu and viceroy chelmsford had been working on a report to build on the Montagu Declaration, it was published in 1918

-Government of India act 1919 was based upon this report, ad the act created an unequal dyarchy that montagu saw as a step towards self government but conservative MP’s were worried it weakened British hold of India

FEATURES OF THE ACT:
-viceroy to be advised by a council of 6, three of whom were Indian
-provimcial and central legislative council enlarged
-gave additional powers like health and education to provincial councils whilst Britain retained powers of foreign policy and defence
-provincial councils could have women
-seats reserved in assemblies for minority groups

Question 14

The Lucknow pact and jinnahs role

Answer 14

-The muslim league and Britain reached an agreement at a joint meeting in Lucknow in 1916 about self government: separate electorates for all communities
-jinnah was uneasy about the sense of islamic identity separate electorates gave people

Question 15

what were the HOME RULE LEAGUES and when were they set up

Answer 15

-1916

-brought ordinary Indians into national movement

-Tilak’s home rule leagues operated in Western India and grew to 32,000n membership rapidly

• the desire for home rule didn’t mean separatism but control of domestic affairs

Question 16

what was ghandi’s response to the Amritsar massacre?

Answer 16

-called a satyagraha against the massacre and rowlatt acts in April 1919 and the civil disobedience campaign

-saw success in Bihar and Gujarat

-violence erupted in Punjab and Gujarat and ghandi called off satyagraha as it was no longer peaceful

Question 17

what were Gandhi’s beliefs

Answer 17

-advocated for Non violent passive resistance

-traditional/ simple living rejecting western technology

-believed in self rule (swaraj) because of Amritsar massacre and rowlatt acts believing Britain did not have to moral right to rule in India

Question 18

how did ghandi emerge as leader of congress?

Answer 18

-had few rivals as Tilak died in 1920

-had support from people he had supported in past local disputes

Question 19

What was the NON-COOPERATION CAMPAIGN from 1920-22

Answer 19

-1920-22
-aimed to make India ungovernable, made by Gandhi
-gandi persuaded deligates in congressvmeeting 1920 to vote for his policy of non- cooperation

-he was worried this satyagraha would descend into violence like his 1919 rowlatt acts and amiritsar massacre one

FEATURES
-boycotting elections to the new assemblies
-removing children from schools
-refusing to attend events organised by the raj
-boycotting the courts
-witholding taxes
-refusing to buy imported goods
-leaving gov posts

Question 20

non cooperation campaign 1920-22 satyagraha consequences

Answer 20

-some Indians didn’t understand the non violence of satyagraha

-hartal in bombay descended into days of rioting and looting leaving 53 dead

-muslims declared a jihad killing Europeans and forcing conversions to islam

-congress supporters torched a police station killing 22 Indian policemen

-gandhi retreated and called off satyagraha
-arrested to 6 years immprisonment
-he didn’t give up on the satyagraha method

-the satyagraha did bring affluent congress members closer with peasants meaning there was success in slightly uniting castes

Question 21

what happened in India during Gandhi’s imprisonment

Answer 21

-he was released January 1924

-congress became involved in peasant communities

-congress had goal of swaraj (self governance)

-leadership of congress passed to moderates (Nehru)

-raj tried to balance making concessions with India with retaining control (vaccinated against smallpox and supported local assemblies)

Question 22

what happened to congress’s membership during the non cooperation campaign (DURING GANDHI’S CENTRAL INFLUENCE)

Answer 22

-membership rocketed from 100,000 to 2 million

-HOWEVER more conservative members left the party

-muslims left as Gandhi failed to support them in the fall of the ottoman sultan

Question 23

What happened to congress’s organisation during Gandhi’s influence

Answer 23

-originally organised into local branches and an all India congress committee (AICC)

-gandhi expanded the AICC and recruited commitee members from groups like women

-when gandhi got out of prison he set up a new unit in the AICC called the CWC- CONGRESS WORKING COMMITTEE to formulate policy, like a cabinet for a gov

Question 24

what did gandhi do within congress when he got out of prison in 1924

Answer 24

-set up CWC (congress working committee)

-seemingly abandoned non cooperation and persuaded congress to embark on campaigns for literacy, sanitation and equality for untouchables

Question 25

what were the ‘young hooligans’ and what was the influence they had upon congress

Answer 25

young hooligans were: BOSE, NARAYAN, and NEHRU

-they wanted immediate action for full independence (IE not dominion status)

-they were socialists

Question 26

characteristics of BOSE

Answer 26

-Anti British and militant in ideas

-imprisoned 11 times for terrorist activities

Question 27

characteristics of NARAYAN

Answer 27

-originally supported violence to gain swaraj

Question 28

what was the Nehru report and when did it happen?

Answer 28

-1928
-nehru and sapry complied a draft constitution for India at a conference in 1928 advocating for dominion status (largely self governance) along the lines of British white colonies

-it suggested a ‘federation of india’ including the princley states (states ruled by local rulers of different ethnic backgrounds)

-rejected separate electorates, to keep power in the hands of the hindu’s, muslims unhappy with Nehru report

Question 29

what were the reactions to the Nehru report?

Answer 29

-congress met in December 1928 to discuss

• a boycott of the Simon commission was organised

-delegates demanded instant dominion status

-bose and Nehru proposed a motion calling for complete British withdrawal in December 1929, wasn’t going to happen but it gave congress an excuse for non cooperation

Question 30

what was the Simon commission and when did it happen

Answer 30

-1927

-The Simon Commission of 1927 was sent to India to investigate possible constitutional reform

-the commission did not include any Indian members leading to widespread boycotts and protests.

Question 31

what was the Lahore congress and when did it happen

Answer 31

-1929
- congress’s meeting in Lahore

-The Lahore Congress of 1929 advocated for full Swaraj, supporting radical positions

-gandhi backed the radicals and steered the policy of purna swaraj through congresses committees

Question 32

what was purna swaraj

Answer 32

full independence

Question 33

what was the salt satyagraha/march and when did it happen?

Answer 33

-1930

-1930 Gandhi’s Salt March of 1930 protested against British salt taxes, galvanizing Indian resistance.

-walked 240 miles to sea, supporters walked with him including untouchables at his request

-the participants were meant to conform to the non violent rules of a satyagraha and spin cloth everyday

-press took photos spreading Gandhi’s message

-when gandhi reached the sea he picked up a grain of salt and called all supporters to do so (breaking the law)

-gandhi had a symbolic focus that: all Indians needed salt

Question 34

what was the reaction and consequences of the salt satyagraha

Answer 34

-Raj did not ignore the salt march and hundreds of peasants were arrested, as well as NEHRU and much of congress’s leadership

-gandhi arrested in may sending shock around inna sparking strikes and protests

-entire CWC arrested in June

Question 35

what was the second phase off civil disobedience after Gandhis arrest due to salt march in 1930

Answer 35

-congress allowed its provincial bodies to organise satyagrahas, recommending a priority of; salt, boycott of foreign cloth, non payment of taxes and non cooperation when provinces tried to end the satyagraha

-every Provence was effected by civil disobedience by mid 1930’s and some attacked police/ authorities

-women became actively involved In civil disobedience for the first time.

-viceroy Irwin had considered martial law but remembered the lesson of the Amritsar massacre and saw the use of the army as a failure

Question 36

MUSLIM LEAGUE: what was the Khilafat movement and when was it?

Answer 36

-As indian muslims regarded the sultan of turkey as their spiritual leader, the khilafat movement was set up to support the sultan and was spread through India using muslim symbols to unite the communities

-it legitimised muslim nationalism in India

-gandhi endorsed the movement whilst he had muslim support from 1920-22, then many muslims became uncomfortable with Gandhis involvement

-khilafat movement collapsed in 1923 as turkey became secular and rejected the caliphate

Question 37

what was Jinnah’s attitude towards muslim support of gandhi from 1920-22

Answer 37

-jinnah felt left out in the cold feeling like gandhi was opportunistic and insincere

-jinnah opposed civil disobedience at congress in 1920

Question 38

when was the re-emergence of muslim values?

Answer 38

-the congress muslim alliance after the Lucknow pact ended in 1922

-muslims drifted away from congress; the proportion of muslim delegates fell by about 2/3

-as muslims were left without a voice they felt like the congress no longer spoke for them, the khilafat movement collapsed in 1923 and the muslim league was a small organisation

-two movements called the TANZEEM and TABLIGH movements emerged in the 20’s .
-tanzeem focused on organisation whilst tabligh focused on religion; every town was to have an anjuman preaching, religious education and construction of mosques

-rising muslim vales created a divide and tension between hindu’s and muslims when they should have been united against the raj

Question 39

what were the effects of growing separatism like in the 1920’s

Answer 39

-separatism grew in the 20th century

-raj was neutral on religion

-local practices would cause tension (if hindus weren’t quiet during muslim prayer times and loud muslim festivals enraged muslims)

-cows ritually slaughtered in muslim tradition but sacred in hindu tradition, cow protection society set up

-they felt increasingly threatened by eachother

Question 40

what were the features of the breakdown of relations within congress

Answer 40

-jinnah tried to bring muslim league closer to congress after breakdown of Lucknow pact

-jinnah persuaded the muslim league to make an offer to congress abandoning separate electorates in return for a third of seats in the central assembly and for Bombay to make a muslim majority Provence but this was rejected by congress

-jinnah tried again in 1929 with a 14 point plan which was rejected again

-negotiations between muslim league and congress continued until independence in 1947, but no agreement was reached leading to the creation of Pakistan

Question 41

jinnahs beliefs and aims

Answer 41

-was not orthodox muslim and wore European clothes, engaged in drinking and had a non muslim wife
-he led the league because of his ability not his commitment to islam
-prefered to deal with educated people around a conference table, not protesting

-after he was driven out of politics he came back following 1937 elections
-he began to support separatist demands, learning Urdu and wearing traditional muslim garments

Question 42

what was the Simon commission

Answer 42

-government of India act in 1919 was due a review in 12929, the conservative gov didn’t want this to take place under a potential labour government as labour had strong links to congress politicians and feared labour would give too much to India

-A seven man delegation set out for India headed by liberal MP sir John Simon (clement tale future pm was part of this)

-there were no Indian members, sparked anger as the future of India was being decided by white men
-it was badly received in India (Simon go home posters) and congress muslim league boycotted the commission and didn’t give evidence
-HOWEVER muslims from muslim majority Provences did, alongside untouchables and sikhs as they didn’t want to be under high caste hindu dominion status

-draft abandoned before publication

Question 43

what was the impact of the election of a labour gov in 1929 one India

Answer 43

-New PM, Ramsey macdonald
-new India secretary William wedgewood Benn
-both were sympathetic towards congress’s demands

-Viceroy Irwin travelled back to England to request a conference to discuss the future and a declaration that dominion status was the raj’s goal This was supported by labour

Question 44

what was the Irwin declaration and when was it?

Answer 44

-1929
-viceroy Irwin reiterated the montagu declaration from 1917 and stated that dominion status was the form of self government in India that Britain had decided upon (there was a continuation of British policy)

-indian representatives were invited to London to create a future Indian constitution
-the CWC welcomed the announcement and demanded and asked gov to release political prisoners but Irwin refused- they bombed his train

Question 45

Gandhi’s response to being invited to the conference as a result of the Irwin declaration in 1929

Answer 45

-knew constitution would be based on British terms

-represenatives outside of congress were invited which frustrated gandhi as he believed congress should speak for all Indians

-he knew he had to go because otherwise a consitution would be made not involving congress

Question 46

what was the Gandhi Irwin Pact and when was it?

Answer 46

WHY
-after salt satyagraha of 1930, raj and congress were at a stalemate
-when gandhi was released in 1930 following his arrest he declared a conquest of power and was thrown back in jail
-IRWIN did not want congress to resort to violence, wanted gandhi out of prison to go to round table conference but didn’t want to be seen as negotiating with a terrorist

THE PACT
-a meeting between the two was constructed and they met in 1931
-they agreed that: civil disobedience would be suspended, gandhi would attend second round table conference, 19,000 congress supporters would be released from jail and confiscated property would be returned