india KT1 impact of ww1

Question 1

what was the indian civil service

Answer 1

an organisation that ensured British regulations were implemented in India. An exam was needed to pass to join. it meant Indians were always answerable to british officers. 1919 they held exams in delhi too

Question 2

who were the princely states

Answer 2

the princes ruled 35% of the country, 562 states. hyderabad had 74 million people. they had their own laws and languages but were under the ‘protection’ of britain due to a treaty.

Question 3

how was early hindu society and caste system

Answer 3

70% of indians were hindu. 300 million in 1914. the caste system existed. at the top were brahmins and at the bottom were untouchables who did the ‘dirty work’ for example deal with human waste and dead bodies. you were born into a caste and couldnt move up.your life was predetermined

Question 4

how was early muslim society

Answer 4

20% were muslims. largest minority. most influential in the northwest, majority in hyderabad. struggled to keep their identities in the battle for independence

Question 5

how was india important for trade with britain

Answer 5

india played a vital economic role. it provided raw materials like cotton, rice, tea and wheat to the british industry and was a market for british goods. the suez canal 1869 reduced the travel time between india and britain so transport was more available and cheaper.

Question 6

statistics about uk imports and exports to india

Answer 6

in 1900 uk imported £657,000 of cotton, in 1913 it was 1, 226,000.
uk exports of textiles in £1000s went up from 19,000 to 40,000 in 1913

Question 7

how did britain use tariffs in india

Answer 7

developing countries would usually impose tariffs on outside goods to protect their industry. none were allowed in india. 1879, all tariffs on Lancashire cotton were removed, flooded the indian market. 3 years later tariffs on all goods removed. permanently damaged indias economy.

Question 8

british investement in india

Answer 8

britain invested £360 million to build railways, tea and coffee plants etc. india provided employement for brits, especially for those working in the government. brits received salaries and pensions from india

Question 9

how was there a seperate society

Answer 9

wealthy brits lived in a seperate community built by the east india company. their children went to school in britain, they had no interaction with indian society. indian mutiny of 1857 caused racial mistrust

Question 10

what were indian attitudes towards brits

Answer 10

it is difficult to say as most ppl couldnt read or write much. they felt the only benefit was the english langauge bringing many parts of india together. they felt discontent and resentment leading to a nationalist movement

Question 11

who were the INC and ML when set up

Answer 11

INC set up in 1885. mainly made up of high caste-hindus . became a voice for indian nationalism. ML set up in 1906. muslims recognised that as a minority they were always going to be outvoted so opposed democracy. dichotomy, wanted independence

Question 12

what was the indian councils act what year

Answer 12

1909. between the viceroy Lord Minto and John Morley, secretary of state. 60 indian representatives were elected to the council. provincial councils were enlarged. for the first time there were seperate electorates for muslims and hindus. first step towards self government

Question 13

what was the indian response to world war 1

Answer 13

they were loyal and supported the raj, including congress, the inc and muslim league.
27 of the princely states gave their armies to the brits. bal tilak and ghandi supported war.

Question 14

how many indians joined the war effort and died

Answer 14

by 1918, 827,000 had enlisted.
64,500 indian soldiers died in ww1

Question 15

why were indians supportive of britain in ww1

Answer 15

there was a traditional obligation to obey the emperor and fight for india. indians wanted to show their strength and also would get paid.

Question 16

what was the first 2 battles that indians played a big part in

Answer 16

-battle of ypres 1914 november. 28,500 indian troops. they suffered heavy losses of thousands.
-march 1915 the indians were half the allied force at neuve chapelle.
-second b.o.ypres. april 1915
not well equipped, no uniform etc
the lahore division fought

Question 17

what was the battle indians fought in the middle east and why was it contraversial

Answer 17

battle of kut-al-amara. against the ottoman turks in iraq. they were sent there as brits claimed indians were better suited to the climate and supply of weapons was easier. however india couldnt produce weapons at the time(restricted by britain).
the sultan of turkey was the caliph of islam, so indian muslims were angry that they were forced to fight there.
brits lost and indians taken as prisoners of war

Question 18

how did india economically contribute to the war

Answer 18

contributed £146million to the allies, half of it were war loans.
revenue demands also dramatically rose by 26% by 1919

Question 19

what was the negative economic impact of war on india

Answer 19

-increased tax, fuel shortages and rising prices of goods.
-price of food grains was up 93% price of indian goods up 60%
price of imported goods up 190%

Question 20

positive economic impact of war on india

Answer 20

-indian manufacturing industries expanded (cotton, iron etc) to replace imported goods
-dividends from cloth mills jumped from 6% to 13% 1914-17

Question 21

what was the political impact of economic consequences of the war

Answer 21

-food riots, petty violence and rioting became common
-any uprising wouldve been difficult to contain
-viceroy had to settle the rioters

Question 22

why were the british willing to allow some indian self-rule after ww1

Answer 22

they could not ignore the enourmous sacrifices indians had made for the allies. indians expected recognition and respect. they themselves believed in self-determination and democracy. however they feared uprising and overthrow of the raj

Question 23

what was the montagu declaration

Answer 23

agreed to on 20 august 1917 by Edwin Montagu, secretary of state (liberal) and lord Chelmsford, viceroy.
it announced a new approach to governing india, some form of self-gov was to be granted to india,but there was no set timeframe. meaning the brits werent in a hurry.

Question 24

what did montagu do after establishing the montagu declaration

Answer 24

he travelled around india from 1917-18 to get indian peoples suggestions for the act. he noticed that british governing was slow and complex.

Question 25

what was the defence of india act and year

Answer 25

in 1915.
a wartime act meant to be temporary to stop anti war and revolutionairy activities. protest was forbidden.
the viceroy could issue regulations for punlic safety.
was not repealed in 1919

Question 26

what were the rowlatt acts

Answer 26

in 1917 there was a comission that recommended old wartime controls(doi act) should be continued due to revolutionary activity.
-established in 1919 march
-included imprisonement without trial, trial with no jury, house arrests etc

Question 27

what was the government reaction to the rowlatt acts

Answer 27

montagu opposed it, viceroy chelmsford still went ahead.
-all 22 indian members of the indian legislative council opposed it
-muhammad ali jinnah, leader of ml resigned and wrote furious letter to chelmsford
-raj was seen as unreliable, montagu decl went against the act

Question 28

describe the hartals opposing the rowlatt acts

Answer 28

in the punjab, especially in Amristar, hartals (strikes and political protest) were organised in 1919. there was hindu-muslim solidarity. however when the organisers were arrested, this triggered rioting.
-banks were stormed, 3 europeans killed. a doctor marcia sherwood was brutally beaten and nearly died.
-brits lost control of amritsar

Question 29

how did the amristar massacre happen

Answer 29

-the governor of the punjab, michael o’dwyer was convinced the rioting was part of a planned uprising, sent troops in
-on 13th april 1919, there was a religious sikh festival and a political peaceful meeting at Jallianwala Bagh.
-hundreds of families were there despite a ban on meetings and a curfew
- dyer and his troops arrived and without warning began firing within 30 seconds, until ammo ran out
-brits say 379 died but 500-600 did. 1,500+ injured
-injured men, women and children left there without aid

Question 30

what did dyer establish after the amritsar massacre

Answer 30

he established martial law to humiliate indians in amritsar
-public floggings were common
-indians had to give salam to brit officers
- CRAWLING ORDER- indians were forced to crawl on hands and knees down the narrow alleyway filled with filth and waste. where brit woman was assaulted. especially offensive to hindus(caste system)

Question 31

what was the impact of the amritsar massacre in britain and the hunter enquiry?

Answer 31

-some englishmen saw him as brave, some thought he destroyed the chance of indian cooperation with the raj.
-hunter enquiry november 1919 , a british investigation into the massacre.
-dyer admitted his wrongs, wasnt ashamed. his aim was to teach a moral lesson to the disobedient punjab.
-there was no comspiracy to overthrow the raj.
-dyer forced to resign, but an english charity for him raised £26,000.

Question 32

what did the indians own report on the amritsar massacre conclude

Answer 32

there were 1700 witnesses.
it concluded that the brits had a savage way of governing india, indians were angry and resented the raj.
any offer to reform the gov was a sham and even loyal imperialists turned against the raj.

Question 33

what was the montagu-chelmsford report

Answer 33

a report produced by edwin montagu, secretary of state and viceroy lord chelmsford in 1918 that recommended that control of some aspects of government should be given to indian elected ministers. it led to the government of india act 1919

Question 34

what was the government of india act 1919?

Answer 34

-an act passed in december creating a dyarchy where:
- provincial and central legislative councils were enlarged and given control over domestics like education, health etc.
-viceroy was to be advised by a council of 6 civilians- 3 of them indian
-10% of male population received the vote
-brits still controlled foreign affairs etc
-there were reserved seats in provincial legislatures for different religious groups.

Question 35

what is a dyarchy

Answer 35

a system where power is split betwen 2 independent authorities, each control diff aspects of gov. gov divided between indians and brits