india KT1 impact of ww1 Flashcards
what was the indian civil service
an organisation that ensured British regulations were implemented in India. An exam was needed to pass to join. it meant Indians were always answerable to british officers. 1919 they held exams in delhi too
who were the princely states
the princes ruled 35% of the country, 562 states. hyderabad had 74 million people. they had their own laws and languages but were under the ‘protection’ of britain due to a treaty.
how was early hindu society and caste system
70% of indians were hindu. 300 million in 1914. the caste system existed. at the top were brahmins and at the bottom were untouchables who did the ‘dirty work’ for example deal with human waste and dead bodies. you were born into a caste and couldnt move up.your life was predetermined
how was early muslim society
20% were muslims. largest minority. most influential in the northwest, majority in hyderabad. struggled to keep their identities in the battle for independence
how was india important for trade with britain
india played a vital economic role. it provided raw materials like cotton, rice, tea and wheat to the british industry and was a market for british goods. the suez canal 1869 reduced the travel time between india and britain so transport was more available and cheaper.
statistics about uk imports and exports to india
in 1900 uk imported £657,000 of cotton, in 1913 it was 1, 226,000.
uk exports of textiles in £1000s went up from 19,000 to 40,000 in 1913
how did britain use tariffs in india
developing countries would usually impose tariffs on outside goods to protect their industry. none were allowed in india. 1879, all tariffs on Lancashire cotton were removed, flooded the indian market. 3 years later tariffs on all goods removed. permanently damaged indias economy.
british investement in india
britain invested £360 million to build railways, tea and coffee plants etc. india provided employement for brits, especially for those working in the government. brits received salaries and pensions from india
how was there a seperate society
wealthy brits lived in a seperate community built by the east india company. their children went to school in britain, they had no interaction with indian society. indian mutiny of 1857 caused racial mistrust
what were indian attitudes towards brits
it is difficult to say as most ppl couldnt read or write much. they felt the only benefit was the english langauge bringing many parts of india together. they felt discontent and resentment leading to a nationalist movement
who were the INC and ML when set up
INC set up in 1885. mainly made up of high caste-hindus . became a voice for indian nationalism. ML set up in 1906. muslims recognised that as a minority they were always going to be outvoted so opposed democracy. dichotomy, wanted independence
what was the indian councils act what year
- between the viceroy Lord Minto and John Morley, secretary of state. 60 indian representatives were elected to the council. provincial councils were enlarged. for the first time there were seperate electorates for muslims and hindus. first step towards self government
what was the indian response to world war 1
they were loyal and supported the raj, including congress, the inc and muslim league.
27 of the princely states gave their armies to the brits. bal tilak and ghandi supported war.
how many indians joined the war effort and died
by 1918, 827,000 had enlisted.
64,500 indian soldiers died in ww1
why were indians supportive of britain in ww1
there was a traditional obligation to obey the emperor and fight for india. indians wanted to show their strength and also would get paid.
what was the first 2 battles that indians played a big part in
-battle of ypres 1914 november. 28,500 indian troops. they suffered heavy losses of thousands.
-march 1915 the indians were half the allied force at neuve chapelle.
-second b.o.ypres. april 1915
not well equipped, no uniform etc
the lahore division fought
what was the battle indians fought in the middle east and why was it contraversial
battle of kut-al-amara. against the ottoman turks in iraq. they were sent there as brits claimed indians were better suited to the climate and supply of weapons was easier. however india couldnt produce weapons at the time(restricted by britain).
the sultan of turkey was the caliph of islam, so indian muslims were angry that they were forced to fight there.
brits lost and indians taken as prisoners of war
how did india economically contribute to the war
contributed £146million to the allies, half of it were war loans.
revenue demands also dramatically rose by 26% by 1919
what was the negative economic impact of war on india
-increased tax, fuel shortages and rising prices of goods.
-price of food grains was up 93% price of indian goods up 60%
price of imported goods up 190%
positive economic impact of war on india
-indian manufacturing industries expanded (cotton, iron etc) to replace imported goods
-dividends from cloth mills jumped from 6% to 13% 1914-17
what was the political impact of economic consequences of the war
-food riots, petty violence and rioting became common
-any uprising wouldve been difficult to contain
-viceroy had to settle the rioters
why were the british willing to allow some indian self-rule after ww1
they could not ignore the enourmous sacrifices indians had made for the allies. indians expected recognition and respect. they themselves believed in self-determination and democracy. however they feared uprising and overthrow of the raj
what was the montagu declaration
agreed to on 20 august 1917 by Edwin Montagu, secretary of state (liberal) and lord Chelmsford, viceroy.
it announced a new approach to governing india, some form of self-gov was to be granted to india,but there was no set timeframe. meaning the brits werent in a hurry.
what did montagu do after establishing the montagu declaration
he travelled around india from 1917-18 to get indian peoples suggestions for the act. he noticed that british governing was slow and complex.
