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Early History of Mankind > India/China Test > Flashcards

India/China Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Veneration

A

Special regard for cattle

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

The blending of 2 or more cultures

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3
Q

Brahman

A

A single spiritual power that existed beyond the many gods of Vedas, and that resided in all things.

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4
Q

Rajah

A

Most skilled war leader that had been elected to his position by an assembly of warriors.

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5
Q

Atman

A

Everyone has an essential self

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6
Q

Moksha

A

Union with Brahman

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7
Q

Reincarnation

A

Rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

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8
Q

Karma

A

Refers to all decisions made in this lifetime that effect your next lifetime

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9
Q

Dharma

A

Religious and moral duties of a person

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10
Q

Ahimsa

A

Nonviolence

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11
Q

Caste

A

Social group into which people are born and rarely change.

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12
Q

Dissent

A

ideas that opposed those of the government

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13
Q

Joint Family

A

Parents, children offspring share a common dwelling.

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14
Q

Dowry

A

Payment tot he bridegroom

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15
Q

Loess

A

Fine windblown yellow soil

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16
Q

Clan

A

Groups of families that claim a common ancestor

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17
Q

dynastic cycle

A

Rise and fall of dynasties

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18
Q

Feudalism

A

Was a system of Gov. in which local lords governed their own lands but owned military goals, especially those of ensuring social order and good gov.

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19
Q

Philosophy

A

System of idea, that was concerned with worldly goals, especially those of ensuring social order and good gov.

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20
Q

Filia piety

A

Respect for parents, above all other dutys

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21
Q

Oracle bone

A

Animal bones or turtle shells on which Shang Priests wrote questions addressed to the gods or to the spirit of an ancestor.

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22
Q

Character

A

Written symbols

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23
Q

Chlligraphy

A

Writing turned into an elegant art-form

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24
Q

The Gangetic plains

A

It lies just south of the Himalayas, and has very fertile land. It is also watered by major rivers, the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges.

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25
Q

Deccan Plateau

A

It juts into the Indian ocean, and lacks water for irrigation As a result its sparsely populated.

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26
Q

Coastal plains

A

In the mountain ranges, heavy seasonal rain, and is used for water, and the sea for fish.

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27
Q

Why did Indian culture develop independently and unique from other neighboring cultures.

A

There were many different areas needed for survival that provided resources, in speerts. For instance in the Gangetic plains there were fertile land, Deccan has less irrigation, and the coastal had fish and trade.

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28
Q

Describe how monsoons affect the climate in India. On your map, use arrows to indicate the seasonal winds.

A

Monsoons have seasonal winds that regularly blow from a certain direction. They pick up moisture over India and downpour areas. Each year people welcome the rains for desperately needed water on crops. If the rains are late, starvation will occur, and if they are heavy, floods will occur.

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29
Q

What geographic barriers set China apart from other civilizations?

A
  • The Tian Shan and Himalayas blocked the south
  • Thick Rain-forest blocked Southeast
  • Gobi Desert in the North
  • Pacific Ocean in the East
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30
Q

In What ways did this geographic isolation affect how the Chinese viewed the world?

A

The Geographic barriers kept the Chinese from learning other cultures, and they could only trade with neighboring countries.

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31
Q

How did the Haung River become known as the “River of Sorrows”? How did this impact the rise of Chinese Civilization.

A

The Haung River got its name from the loess or fine windblown yellow soil. The loess settle at the bottom of the river and rises to the top, peasants worked constantly to keep the rifer from flooding, so its known as the River of Sorrows.

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32
Q

Why is the above discovery considered on the greatest archaeological discoveries of all time?

A

Their was more detail, and no one has ever found a full army before.

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33
Q

How did Qin Shi Huangdi deal with the ruling families he had conquered and what was his rationale for such drastic measures?

A

He killed the ruling families, and replaced them with who he saw fit.

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34
Q

What other steps did Qin Shi Huangdi take to unify and control the empire?

A

He created a code of laws that applied to common day people, and what they did, along with behavior.

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35
Q

What factors led to Qin Shi Huangdi to develop psychotic paranoia?

A
  • He wanted immortality, so he could rate longer unseen
  • unseen enemy’s
  • He wanted to cut off free thought and everything that goes with it
  • he burned books, scrolls
  • he took mercury pills
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36
Q

What was ironic about the connection between the Emperor’s search for immortality and his suppose cause of death

A

He thought the mercury pills would immortalize him, but they actually killed him.

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37
Q

What id Qin Shi Huangdi do in order to prepare for his own death.

A
  • construction of tomb

- Terrichata army

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38
Q

What revolutionary changes did the First Emperor implement that are still integral parts of modern Chinese society?

A
  • Written language
  • Army
  • United China
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39
Q

Which of the three geographical regions of India has three major rivers flowing through it making it the most fertile region?

A

The Gangetic plains

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40
Q

Why has India been able to develop a distinctly unique culture?

A

Because people were spread out i different areas, and needed different things to survive, some people were located in mountain ranges and others were in fertile land.

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41
Q

What leads archaeologists to believe the people of Mohenjo Daro were skilled urban engineers?

A

Well-planned street grid and an elaborate drainage system

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42
Q

What is the “Great Bath” suspected to represent?

A

The Great bath is the closest thing to a temple, and is thought to be based on cleanliness.

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43
Q

How do we know that people of Mohenjo Daro thought cleanliness was important?

A

Wells, baths in every house, and a drainage system were found.

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44
Q

In what modern day country do the ruins of Mohenjo Daro reside?

A

Pakistan

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45
Q

With no evidence of kings of Queens, what do archaeologists suspect about Mohenjo Daro’s system of government?

A

They erected officials, or elites, Governed as a city-state.

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46
Q

Although we cannot be certain of just what ended line in Mohenjo Daro, what could you reasonably predict? (List at least 3 predictions on what could have happened?

A
  • Indus River changed course
  • Flooding destroyed city
  • The culture changed
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47
Q

House

A

The rooms look very sturdy, due to brick placement. They are also very small, no bigger than a bathroom. It also looks like there may have been more than 1 floor.

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48
Q

Staircase

A

The staircase looks very sturdy. It almost looks as if the steps were layered wit multiple bricks, that lead to an upper floor, or courtyard. This staircase in particular looks as though it could have been part of a temple, or palace.

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49
Q

Ferry boat

A

The boats are flat bottomed, and have areas made for standing, which could have been for catching fish, or rowing the boat. They also have small railings maybe for balance, or to hang fish. The boats also look like they were sturdy enough to hold at least 3 people.

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50
Q

Toilet

A

The toilet looks very simple, it is made b oven baked bricks, with a medium sized hole. The hole was connected to a drain, and is identified as an early toilet. They could also be cremation burial urns, or sump pots.

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51
Q

Covered drain

A

Drains going down a slope, or leading out of the city were covered in lime stone bricks. The drains look very sturdy with multiple layers of bricks going side to side. These drains were covered with large thick pieces of limestone.

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52
Q

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

A

People in China believed that ruler could only gain the mandate of heaven by the ancestors in heaven picking the rulers. This in turn made people support rulers until they lost the mandate of heaven.

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53
Q

Why do we not know if any dynasties preceded the Shang

A

The Shang were the very first dynasty to write, so there is not a lot of evidence to prove that their was a dynasty before Shang.

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54
Q

Explain why historians do not have an exact date for the ending of the Chou dynasty

A

The nobles grew more and more as time went on, so as the duration of time wen on nobody really knew when it ended.

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55
Q

Why did the Leagalists order that many Chinese books be burned?

A

The Leagalists wanted to destroy all thoughts that disagreed with their philosophy.

56
Q

Were the Manchus a strong or a weak dynasty?

A

They were weak, they were unable to stop other nations from interfering with China.

57
Q

Why did many Chinese people support the nationalists at the beginning of the twentieth century

A

They believed the Manchus had lost the mandate of heaven and wanted China free from foreign rule.

58
Q

Dynasty

A

A ruling family that passes control from one generation to the next

59
Q

Why did Chinese people follow their rulers?

A

They believed they had the mandate of heaven.

60
Q

Why would people rebel against their ruler?

A

They believed they had lost the mandate of heaven

61
Q

What dynasty was the first to have written records?

A

The Shang

62
Q

What would happen to the kings subjects if he died?

A

They would follow him to his grave, and into the afterlife.

63
Q

When their were no brothers who became king?

A

The oldest nephew.

64
Q

How did the Chou gain power?

A

They were able to extract iron.

65
Q

Who developed a feudal system in China?

A

Chou

66
Q

What happens in a feudal system?

A

The rulers appoint nobles to control smaller parts of an empire. The nobles divided the land into farms for extended families.

67
Q

How did the Chou dynasty end?

A

The Chou dynasty ended slowly as nobles became more powerful. Eventually, the nobles became more powerful than the emperor in a period that became known as the Age of Warring States.

68
Q

Who managed to unify china

A

the Ch’in state managed to unify China by 221 BC. The Ch’in rulers clearly explained and strictly enforced laws. They standardized weights and measures and carried out irrigation projects. The Ch’in also gave peasant farmers the land they lived on. The West first learned of china during the Ch’in dynasty. It is from Ch’in that we get the word China.

69
Q

Who influenced the Ch’in dynasty?

A

A group known as the Legalists influenced the Ch’in Dynasty. The Leagalists tried to suppress all thoughts that disagreed with their philosophy. People who discussed ideas not approved by the Legalists faced execution.

70
Q

What did scholars train in?

A

teachings of Confucius, and they ran the Han dynasty with great skill.

71
Q

What was invented during the Han dynasty?

A

Paper, Chinese writers recorded the history of their land, and the Chinese first learned of Buddhism.

72
Q

What was the last Chinese dynasty to rule?

A

The Manchuria

73
Q

Who pledged to free China from foreign rule?

A

the Nationalists

74
Q

According to legend, Confucius aspired to what?

A

Advise several rulers, but unsuccessful at this endeavor became a teacher and moral exemplar.

75
Q

Confucius lived in what time in history?

A

Confucius lived during a critical time in Chinese history called the Warring States period during which several states fought against each other in an attempt to expand their influence over what is now China.

76
Q

What happened after Confucius’s death?

A

After his death, varying successors and adherents contributed to the spread of Confucian tradition.

77
Q

What is Confucianism rooted from?

A

Confucianism is rooted in the belief that familial relationships are the foundation for society.

78
Q

Strong Emphasis is placed on what role?

A

Strong emphasis is placed on the role of the family for educating children in proper behavior to prepare them for life in society that is based on hierarchy, respect, and education.

79
Q

Who would be best suited to rule?

A

Those shaped by an education that stressed moral behavior and those mentored by positive individuals would be best suited to rule.

80
Q

How does Confucianism work?

A

Confucianism manifests itself in the way children defer to their elders and parents (filial piety) and in the hierarchical structure within offices among employees of different ages and levels of experience.

81
Q

What are the five key relationships of Confucianism?

A
  • Ruler to Ruled
  • Husband to Wife
  • Parent to child
  • Elder brother to Younger brother
  • Friend to Friend
82
Q

Explain why Hinduism is considered one of the most complex religions in the world?

A

Hinduism has no single sacred test, and is grown out of overlapping beliefs of diverse groups. Later people eventually brought other gods, beliefs, and practices to Hinduism.

83
Q

Which text is considered the most sacred to the Hindu?

A

The Vedas or A collections or hymns, chants, or ritual instructions

84
Q

What is the ultimate goal of existence for Hindus and how do they achieve it?

A

The ultimate goal is achieving union with Brahman, they achieve this by obeying the law of Dharma, and rebirth of the soul, they also would have good karma.

85
Q

How do karma, dharma, and ahimsa relate to achieving this goal?

A

Karma-people who live virtuously earn good karma and are reborn into a higher existence if you are evil, you will have bad Karma.
Dharma- religious, and moral duties a person did in a lifetime, closer to Brahman
Ahimsa- Nonviolence, closer to Brahman.

86
Q

Why does the government not typically get involved in cases such as this one?

A

They believe that the caste system does not exist legally.

87
Q

How long has the caste system been a part of India’s culture?

A

1,500 years

88
Q

Describe the typical treatment of people making up this 5th class

A

They are outcasts, they are shunned, insulted, banned from temples, and higher homes, segregated, reaped, burned, lynched, and gunned down.

89
Q

Although the constitution outlaws the caste system, how is it that it still affects people every day?

A

80% of India’s population use it, untouchables children are considered unclean, can’t find jobs, not friends, or relationships.

90
Q

What incident caused a 78 day riot in the state of Gujarat?

A

A high caste student was denied entry to medical school, to make space for an untouchable.

91
Q

A proper Brahman wouldn’t even touch the feet of who?

A

Ghandi

92
Q

What are the key Beliefs of Buddhism?

A

-All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow
-The cause of suffering is Negative deeds
-Only cure of suffering is overcoming non virtue
-Overcome non virtue by following the eight fold path.
-Eight fold path is right speech, livelihood, and conduct
Four noble truths, committing eight fold path

93
Q

Beliefs of Hinduism

A
  • Believe in cast
  • untouchable should be shunned
  • people of higher class more valuable
  • Used Vedas
  • Believed you needed to achieve union with Brahman
  • Need to be reborn to join another caste
94
Q

Family life

A
  • Multiple relatives live in the same house
  • The father or eldest is considered the head of the household
  • When head of the household makes a decision he consults with the rest of the household
  • Property is considered the whole family’s
  • Women outside of the house are supposed to be covered from head to toe
  • Women mainly worked around the house and watched children
  • Men had to harness women creative energy (Shakthi)
95
Q

What did men have to harness

A

their shakthi because if it turned evil the women could turn evil.

96
Q

What are the steps to the eight fold path

A

Right view- you see things as worldly imperfections, everything involves suffering
Right Intentions- How well you commit yourself to self- improvements
Right Livelihood- Receiving wealth legally and peacefully, you should avoid weapon’s, raising animals/ slaughter, meat production, and selling alcohol or drugs
Right effort- Something you have to complete to complete all other paths, You have to have effort
Right speech- first principle to moral discipline
Right action- Involves body’s actions to have the right actions
Right Mindfulness- ability to see things as they are
Right concentration- meditation to gain concentration

97
Q

Why did Asoka convert to Buddhism?

A

Asoka’s experience of fighting a long, bloody war to conquer the Deccan region, that killed 100,000 men horrified, and converted him.

98
Q

How did Asoka encourage the spread of Buddism

A

Asoka stopped eating most meats and limited Hindu sacrifices. He also sent missionaries to spread Buddhism across India, and to Sri Lanka.

99
Q

Steps took to unify Asoka’s empire

A

Stone pillars were set up, he built hospitals, and Buddhist shrines. He promised a just government

100
Q

What happened after Asoka’s death

A

Unity of Mayra’s empire was shattered, and the North and South separated.

101
Q

Geography of India

A

3 MAJOR zones

  • gangetic plains: fertile land W/ 3 major rivers
  • Deccan plateau: dry arid land, sparsely populated
  • Coastal plains: Receive rain, good farming, asses to sea for trading and fishing.
102
Q

Border mountains

A

Hindu cush mountains, Himalayan Mountains

103
Q

Limited contact W/ other lands

A

Allow India to develop distinct culture

-Steep gateways to migrating and invading people

104
Q

Yearly Monsoons

A

Monsoon- seasonal winds affecting weather
October brings winter winds (dry, hot) from NE
June brings summer winds (downpours) SW

105
Q

What were other major cities

A

Mohenjo Daro, and Harappa

106
Q

Why is Indus faceless

A

no recorded kings or queens, and no writing known

107
Q

How do we know about Aryans

A

Most comes from the Vedas

108
Q

Rajahs

A

Most skilled warriors

109
Q

Vedas social structure

A
  1. Brahmans, priests
  2. Warriors (Kshatriyas)
  3. Herders/ farmers (Voisyas)
  4. Dirty work (sudras)
110
Q

Hinduism

A

-No single text

111
Q

Mahabharata

A

Keep up with law, fulfill Dharma, If you do this city will live well

112
Q

Caste system

A

Divided into social classes, Higher are pure/closer to Brahman, born into Caste, Very rarely move out of it, Laws for caste are strict, society is stable. Karma determines caste, Promotes social stability.

113
Q

Buddism

A

Life of the Buddha
- Siddhartha Gautama was born in 5 or 6 century in Nepal to a king, his mother had a white elephant dream, Asks a holy man to intemperate dream, Siddhartha will eventually be a great holy man, never leaves palace, wants to leave palace. @ 16 married, enjoyed happy life, 10 year honeymoon, @ 29 leaves palace. 1 he found old man, 2 he found sick man, 3 he found dead man, and 4 he found holy man, he realized all humans suffer. Later leaves wife and newborn son, sat under fig tree for 49 days, at the end he becomes Buddha.

114
Q

4 noble truths

A

All life is full of pain, suffering, and sorrow

  • cause of suffering is non virtue/worldly pleasure
  • The only cure is to overcome non virtue
  • only way to overcome non virtue is follow 8 fold path.
115
Q

8 fold path

A 
Right view: Perspective
Right intention: Drive
Right speech: Speak to people
Right Actions: worldly goals
Right livelihood: Job, benefit to others
Right mindfulness: know whats going on
Right concentration: meditation
116
Q

Buddhism Beliefs

A

Strong emphasis on meditation and compassion, Nirvana- the Buddhas word for release from selfishness and pain, reject caste system

117
Q

Nirvana

A

The Buddhas word for release from selfishness and pain

118
Q

What did Chandragupta Maurya do

A

1st to crate unified India

119
Q

What leads Alexander the Great to Unify India

A

Invasion of India by Alexander the Great leads Chanakya to persuade Chandragupta to unify India

120
Q

Why did they Unify India

A

for protection from outsiders

121
Q

Maurya maintains empire through what?

A

Secret police retorted corruption, crime, and dissent, well trained women spies.

122
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

1766-1122 or 1040

-remains of palaces, tombs, oracle bones piece together shang history. Created first known dynasty.

123
Q

Dynastic Cycle

A

Strong dynasty-peace and prosperity
In time- dynasty declines and becomes corrupt
Disaster- flood, famine, and peasant revolts
old dynasty- lost mandate of heaven
-dynasty is overthrown
-New dynasty begins

124
Q

Social pyramid

A
  1. Royal Family
  2. Noble Warriors
  3. Artisans and Merchants
  4. Peasants
125
Q

Oracle bone

A

many align with later writings about Shang dynasty

126
Q

Shang contributions

A

Ability to effectively govern large area, aided by writing. Best known for bronze technology

127
Q

Religion of shang

A

Worshiped ancestors, although in heaven actively affected family affairs.

128
Q

Rise, government, and fall of Zhou dynasty

A
  • They rebelled against the shang cause they lost the mandate of heaven
  • rewarding supporters grants to control different regions
  • By 256 BC China had grown powerful and wealthy but weak and could not control feudal lords.
129
Q

Shang rulers unite China

A

-Warring states period, Used legalism to centralize power, Achieve order with strict laws and punishments

130
Q

Protecting china

A

Qin collapses after only 15 years, “strength (not goodness) is a rulers greatest virtue” -legalism Illiterate peasants name Gao Zu defeated rival armies and founded the Han Dynasty

131
Q

Han dynasty

A

Appointed Confucian scholars, becomes official philosophy of china. Harmony, people accept place in society.

132
Q

Daoism

A

Live in harmony “Go with the Flow”

133
Q

Wudi makes improvements

A

Government run businesses, expansionism- increase in territory

134
Q

Silk road

A

Network of Trade Routes, stretches 4,000 miles, sent large quantities of silk to trade, opens communication w/ west

135
Q

Civil Service system

A

Officials earn there positions rather from family ties

136
Q

Han overthrown

A

Emperors preoccupied with court life, could not longer control war lords.

Early History of Mankind (9 decks)

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