Inclusions, pigments, cellular aging

Question 1

Calcification types

Answer 1

1.dystrophic
2.metastatic

Question 2

Dystrophic

Answer 2

-calcification of necrotic tissue
**dead and damaged

Question 3

Metastatic

Answer 3

-calcification of normal tissue with high serum calcium
**ex. increase Ca in their diet

Question 4

Intracellular inclusions

Answer 4

-Location (cytoplasm, nucleus)
-colour
-size
-shape
-others

Question 5

Inclusion bodies types

Answer 5

-viral inclusion virus (ex.Herpes virus)
-intracellular parasites (ex. Coccidia)
-toxicity buildup within neurons= impaired neuronal function (ex. storage diseases)
- abnormal folding of proteins- (ex.spongiform encephalopathys)

Question 6

Pigment types

Answer 6

1.exogenous – formed outside the body
2. endogenous – formed within the body

Question 7

Dust and Carbon

Answer 7

-black material in lymph nodes linked with respiratory tract
>linked with environment that is poor

Question 8

Tattoo ink

Answer 8

-ink from tattoo can migrate to and accumulate in the lymph nodes

Question 9

Carotenoid

Answer 9

-fat discoloured (yellow/orange discolouration)
>normal in horses, but not in other mammals

Question 10

Melanin

Answer 10

-black pigment- can be both clinically significant and insignificant
>ventral aspect of brain: melanosis- no clinical significance/appears as a freckle…not occupying space
>dorsal aspect of brain: Melanoma- tumour of melanocytes… taking up space

Question 11

Lipofuscin (ceroid)

Answer 11

-lipofuscin pigment is linked with wear over time
-GI tract of dog: dark pigments (brown gut disease)

Question 12

Iron pigments

Answer 12

-hemoglobin or myoglobin occurs from hemolysis and stains the tissues

Question 13

Methemoglobin

Answer 13

-altered form of hemoglobin that causes staining= brown pigment

Question 14

Heart Failure cells

Answer 14

-Blue cells: macrophages filled with hemoglobin
-imply chronic left sided heart failure (back up of blood into lungs)

Question 15

Icterus

Answer 15

-yellow discolouration
-associated with many conditions:
-prehepatic icterus: occurring before the liver (within the systemic circulation)
*immune mediated hemolytic anemia
-Hepatic icterus: occurring within the liver
-post-hepatic icterus: issue occurring with the gallbladder

Question 16

Cellular aging

Answer 16

-every time a cell replicates (senescence), mutations within the cell can also replicate. Cells as they age therefore will accumulate mutations which will eventually have a result that will impair ability for the cell to properly replicate

Question 17

Cancer cells

Answer 17

-telomerase repeatedly turned back on and cells continue to replicate