Edema

Question 1

Edema

Answer 1

-fluid leaking out into areas
-normal equilibrium of intravascular and extravascular fluid requires intact and functional Cardio and lymphatic systems and a normal plasma protein composition

Question 2

Edema grossly

Answer 2

-excessive, clear fluid in tissue or cavity
-tissue is heavy, wet, shiny, oozing fluid on cut section
**solid organs are less severely affected and you may only see slight swelling (kidney) or thickening (intestinal mucosa)

Question 3

Lung edema

Answer 3

-heavy
-increase in firmness
- failure to collapse
-stable foam within major airway (liquid +surfactant +agitation due to respiration= foam)
-distended interlobular septa

Question 4

Edema in subcutis

Answer 4

-pitting edema in dependent areas
-gelatinous clear fluid

Question 5

Edema in brain

Answer 5

-flattened sulci, herniation of brain and cerebellum
-Results in increased intracranial pressure
>only way out is out through foramen magnum, pressure leads to squishing/flattening of brain by also pushing it out of foramen. Results in squishing of brainstem
**reason why trepidation is helpful. Relieves pressure on brain

Question 6

Edema in body cavity

Answer 6

-accumulation of fluid
>transparent, not clotted=transudate
»have low levels of protein
>clotted with cellular component= exudate
»have lots of proteins

Question 7

Microscopic edema

Answer 7

-low protein= eosinophilic
-high protein= brighter eosinophilic
-lymphatics are dilated

Question 8

Edema classification

Answer 8

1.Acute/chronic
2.Local/systemic

Question 9

Anasarca

Answer 9

-diffuse edema

Question 10

Edema pathogenesis

Answer 10

1.increased venous hydrostatic pressure (heart failure)
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure
3. lymphatic obstruction
4.endothelial leakage

Question 11

Starling equilibrium

Answer 11

-illustrates the role of hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the movement of fluid across capillary membranes
*more fluid forced out on arteriole side than venous side takes up
=excess is taken up my lymphatics

Question 12

Increased venous hydrostatic pressure

Answer 12

-obstruction of small or large draining vessels
-failure of forward blood flow (heart failure)

Question 13

Local edema

Answer 13

-due to obstruction of small or large draining vessels

Question 14

Ascites

Answer 14

-edema in abdominal cavity

Question 15

Decreased osmotic pressure`

Answer 15

-more solutes will draw more fluid in
-low solutes/hypoproteinemia results in reduced plasma osmotic pressure and fluid will escape into interstitium
>results in a total plasma volume and results in decreases in renal hypoperfusion

Question 16

Reasons for hypoproteinemia

Answer 16

-increased loss
>blood loss
>protein losing enteropathy
>protein losing nephropathy
-decreased production
>decreased intake (starvation)
>liver disease

Question 17

Protein loss from blood sucking parasites

Answer 17

-submandibular edema called bottle jaw
-associated with abomasal parasites

Question 18

Hypoproteinemia locations

Answer 18

-always systemic, never localized

Question 19

Least frequent cause of edema

Answer 19

-lymphatic obstruction
>results in fluid not being drained by lymphatics
-localized
-Pathology: neoplasia of lymph node, or torsion of organ displacement

Question 20

Most common cause of edema

Answer 20

-endothelial leakage
>allows for fluid to move freely back and forth
-linked with high protein edema fluid
-Pathology: toxins, endothelial activation and contraction

Question 21

Corneal edema

Answer 21

-damage to vessels=vasculitis
-results in endothelial leakage and fluid to leak out

Question 22

Na and Water retention

Answer 22

-contributory factor in several forms of edema
-more common in people, expand intravascular fluid volume
>increased hydrostatic pressure
-decreased vascular colloid osmotic pressure by dilution effect in hypoproteinemia

Question 23

Differentiating causes of localized edema

Answer 23

-lymphedema
-endothelial leakage
-increase in hydrostatic pressure due to local venous obstruction

Question 24

Differentiating causes of systemic edema

Answer 24

-right sided heart failure
-decrease in osmotic pressure

Question 25

Red and wet edema

Answer 25

-endothelial leakage
-increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 26

Low protein fluid

Answer 26

-lymphedema
-decrease in osmotic pressure
-increase in hydrostatic pressure