Hemolytic Disorders

Question 1

Hemolytic disorders

Answer 1

-blood flow (hyperemia, congestion, ischemia)
-intra/extravascular fluid equilibrium (edema)
-blood fluidity (thrombosis or lack of coagulation)
-blood vessel permeability (hemorrhage, edema)

Question 2

Disorders of blood flow

Answer 2

-increased blood volume (hyperemia, congestion)
>occurs within the microcirculatory beds (between arterial and venous)

Question 3

Hyperemia

Answer 3

-engorgement of the capillary bed caused by increased arteriolar blood flow
>active process that can have physiologic and pathologic effects

Question 4

Physiologic hyperemia

Answer 4

-Useful during exercise, post prandial, neurovascular (blushing)

Question 5

Pathological hyperemia

Answer 5

-increase in arteriolar blood inflow due to inflammation or tissue injury
-usually restricted to local/organ area because there is insufficient blood to make this a huge generalized process

Question 6

Appearance of hypermia blood

Answer 6

-Grossly: bright red due to oxygenation and warm
-microscopy: distended capillaries with inflammatory cells (pathologic hyperemia)

Question 7

Pathological hyperemia significance

Answer 7

-part of inflammatory process (can indicate acute inflammation; disappears when chronic))
-non life threatening by itself

Question 8

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 8

-redness
-warmth
-pain
-swelling
-loss of function
HYPEREMIA

Question 9

Congestion

Answer 9

-engorgement of capillary bed caused by impeded venous outflow
-Passive

Question 10

Congestion examples

Answer 10

-obstruction of small or large draining vessels=venous outflow (thrombosis, compression, torsion)
-failure of forward blood flow (eg. Heart failure)

Question 11

Congestion in dead animals

Answer 11

-very common
-liver mortis (blood pooling)= hyperstatic congestion

Question 12

Congestion appearance

Answer 12

-Grossly:
> diffusely dark red, cyanotic (non-oxygenated hemoglobin)
>heavy, oozing blood form cut surface
-Microscopically:
>distended capillaries but no inflammation
>often accompanied by edema

Question 13

Congestion types

Answer 13

-Acute vs. chronic
-Local vs. generalized

Question 14

Congestion significance to an animal

Answer 14

-depends on duration and location
-prolonged= hypoxic necrosis
-blood stasis= venous thrombosis

Question 15

Congestion significance to clinician

Answer 15

-Acute congestion= usually no significance
-Chronic congestion= necrosis +/- fibrosis

Question 16

Ruminal bloat

Answer 16

-space occupying lesion from rumen increasing in size

Question 17

Ruminal Bloat types

Answer 17

1.Frothy bloat (primary tympany)
>appear frothy, mixture
>can occur from change in diet and affect bacterial growth
>foam/gas is difficult to erupt (burp out) causing rumen to fill and expand larger and larger
2. Free gas bloat (secondary tympany)
>gas built up in rumen too fast making it hard to erupt

Question 18

What lesions are you looking for to determine rumen bloat?

Answer 18

1.venous return to heart is impaired by rumen compression
-results in cranial congestion (blood pooled in head
2. Esophageal bloat line
-occurs at thoracic inlet because thorax is area of high pressure
-cranial part dark and congested implying impaired blood return
3.Congestion of cervical lymph nodes
-venous return from cranial lymph nodes impaired

Question 19

Possible outcomes of congestion

Answer 19

-resolution
-chronic increase in hydrostatic pressure
>congestion
>edema
>hemorrhage
>hypoxia/ischemia
>degeneration
>necrosis
>fibrosis
-death

Question 20

Gastric torsion or volvulus

Answer 20

-venous infarction (very dark area of tissue)
-results in congestion, edema, hemorrhage, venous infarction

Question 21

Congestion and heart failure

Answer 21

-right sided heart failure
>chronic passive coagulation is the most common lesion
>edema forms as a result of increased venous hydrostatic pressure

Question 22

Why more commonly venous infarction rather than arterial infarction?

Answer 22

1. muscle walls
2. Higher pressure in arterials

Question 23

Right sided heart failure vs. left sided heart failure

Answer 23

-Right sided heat failure
>jugular distension
>edema
>lesions in liver
-left sided heart failure
>lesions in the lungs

Question 24

Congestion of liver

Answer 24

-blood pools around central canal
-hepatocytes become more hypoxic
-lipidosis increases, and eventually the hepatocytes will die
-canal will become scarred
**liver overall will become mottled in colour… linked with right sided heart failure

Question 25

Left sided heart failure

Answer 25

-lungs will be heavy and wet due to all the blood pooling
-Macrophages full of iron (chronic left sided heart failure

Question 26

Golden lungs, congestion, edema

Answer 26

-linked with left sided heart failure
**rare appearance

Question 27

Long term consequence of right sided heart failure

Answer 27

-diffuse mild alveolar septal fibrosis
-increased resistance to blood flow
-increased workload to right side of heart