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FoM - 1 > Inate Immunity > Flashcards

Inate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity definition:

A

Natural immunity that is present from birth.
Non-specific.

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2
Q

Innate immunity examples (5):

A

Physical barriers
Inflammatory mediators
Complement proteins
Acute phase proteins
Immune cells

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3
Q

Skin structure:

A

Tightly packed, highly keratinised cells.
Contains sebaceous glands which secrete hydrophobic oils, lysosomes and ammonia

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4
Q

Physiological factors of skin:

A

Low pH (5.5)
Low oxygen tension

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5
Q

Where do you find mucous membranes?

A

Line all body cavities that are in contact with the external environment

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6
Q

How does mucus kill pathogens?

A

Traps bacteria
Contains lysosomes and defensins that kill pathogens

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7
Q

What does commensalism bacteria do?

A

Competes with pathogens for resources and produce fatty acids and bactericidins that stops pathogens growing

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8
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Signal to uninflected cells to:
- Destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
- Undergo apoptosis

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9
Q

How are immune cells activated?

A

By interferons

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10
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Interferons released by virally infected cells

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11
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose bacteria

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12
Q

Phagocytosis process (7):

A
  1. PRRs binds to PAMPs on pathogen signalling formation of the phagocytic cup
  2. Cup extends around the pathogen and pinches off forming a phagosome
  3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome forming a phagolysosome
  4. Pathogen killed and contents degraded
  5. Debris released into extracellular fluid
  6. Pathogen-derived peptides are expressed on special cell surface receptors (MHC-II)
  7. Pro-inflammatory mediators released (TNF⍺) causing acute inflammation
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13
Q

How do innate immune cells recognise pathogens?

A

Pathogens express signature molecules not found on/in human cells called PAMPS

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14
Q

What does PAMPS stand for?

A

Pathogens associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

What does PAMPS stand for?

A

Pathogens associated molecular patterns

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16
Q

What are PRRs?

A

Pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells

17
Q

What are MHC-II?

A

Special cell surface receptors

18
Q

What is TNF⍺?

A

Pro-inflammatory mediator

19
Q

Role of mast cells:

A

Deal with pathogens too large for phagocytosis

20
Q

How do mast cells kill pathogens?

A
  1. PRRs on mast cell bind to PAMPs on pathogen
  2. Mast cell is stimulated to release pre-formed pro-inflammatory substances causing degranulation

(As this happens mast cell begins to produce new pro-inflammatory substances)

21
Q

Examples of pro-inflammatory substances:

A

Histamine
Tryptase

22
Q

What is transendothelial migration?

A

The recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection/damage during acute inflammation

23
Q

Transednothelial migration steps:

A
  1. Loss of intravascular fluid during inflammation causes slower blood flow, allowing neutrophils to migrate
  2. Neutrophils bind to adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells
  3. Neutrophils migrate across the endothelium via diapedesis
  4. Once in the tissues, the neutrophils travel to site of injury via chemotaxis
  5. Neutrophils are activated by PAMPs and pro-inflammatory mediators
24
Q

Where do neutrophils travel in a vessel?

A

Close to endothelial cells of vessel

25
Q

Killing mechanisms of neutrophils (3):

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
NETs

26
Q

Phagocytosis in neutrophils:

A

Phagolysosomal killing via production of reaction oxygen species (ROS)

27
Q

Degranulation in Neutrophils

A

Release of anti-bacterial granules

28
Q

NETs in neutrophils:

A

Release of a net-like structure that traps pathogens, leading to phagocytosis

29
Q

Modes of ingestion in neutrophils:

A

Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis

30
Q

Features of endocytosis in neutrophils:

A

Receptor mediated
Molecules that bind to membrane receptors are internalised
Important in adaptive immunity

31
Q

Pinocytosis in neutrophils:

A

Ingestion of fluid of surrounding cells

32
Q

What are Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

Lymphocytes involved the rejection of tumors and virally infected cells

33
Q

What do NK cells respond to?

A

Reduced levels of MHC class 1 in virally infected and cancerous cells

34
Q

How to NK cells kill pathogens?

A

By degranulation

FoM - 1 (40 decks)

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