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FoM - 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryote definition:

A

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

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2
Q

What is the role of the plasmalemma and what does it consist of?

A

Separates cytoplasm from outside environment, forming a selectively permeable barrier.

Can exocytose and endocytose material.

Consists of:
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Integral proteins

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3
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates which the cellular components are embedded

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4
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope (3)?

A

Has an inner and outer nuclear membrane with the perinuclear cistern in the middle

Outer nuclear membrane is studded with ribosomes

Has nuclear pores that allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

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5
Q

Euchromatin and heterochromatin definitions:

A

Euchromatin: DNA is more dispersed and undergoing transcription

Heterochromatin: DNA highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

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6
Q

Where are different RNAs synthesised?

A

mRNA and tRNA synthesised in nucleus

rRNA synthesised in nucleolus

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7
Q

Where are ribosomes formed and how do they function?

A

Formed in nucleolus

Small subunit of ribosome binds RNA, large subunit of ribosomes catalyzes peptide bond formation

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8
Q

Role of RER:

A

Studded with ribosomes making it responsible for protein synthesis and initiation of glycoprotein formation

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9
Q

Role of SER:

A

Involved in continuous processing of proteins from RER and lipid synthesis

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10
Q

Structure and role of Golgi apparatus:

A

Composed of a group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae

Transport vesicles arrive at Golgi from SER; Golgi modifies and packages them

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11
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton and what are the 3 main protein filaments?

A

Consits of protein filaments which allow movement of organelles and also movement of the cell itself

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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12
Q

Structure, function and features of the 3 main protein filaments:

A

Microfilaments: composed of actin, involved in cellular movement, cytokinesis, endo and exocytosis etc., 7nm

Intermediate filaments: 6 proteins that bind intracellular elements together and to the plasmalemma, >10nm

Microtubules: composed of ⍺ and β tubulin, originate from centrosome, polar, dynein and kinesin attach and move along them, 25nm

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13
Q

What are the 3 modes of cellular transport and how do they work?

A

Endocytosis: membrane invaginates, fuses, newly made endocytic vesicle buds into cell, often receptor mediated.

Exocytosis: works in reverse to endocytosis

Phagocytosis: bacteria engulfed and digested

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14
Q

What are occluding junctions:

A

Intracellular junctions that link cells to form a diffusion barrier

Also known as tight junctions or zonula occludens

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15
Q

Function of anchoring junctions and the 3 types:

A

Provide mechanical strength

Adherent junctions: link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells via cadherin molecules

Desmosomes: link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

Hemidesmosomes: link submembrane intermediate filaments of cells to extacellular matrix through transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

What are Communicating junctions (gap junctions)?

A

Intracellular junctions that allow movement of molecules between cells

Each junction is a circular patch studded with pores

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17
Q

What do haemotoxylin and eosin do?

A

Haematoxylin stains acidic molecules purple
Eosin stains basic molecules pink

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18
Q

Structure of epithelium:

A

Cover surfaces of the body, lines hollow organs, forms glands

Backed by a basal lamina (basement membrane)

Non-vascular

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19
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

A thin layer of specialised extracellular material between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying tissue

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20
Q

Apical and basal definitions:

A

Apical: faces the lumen of a tube or the external environment

Basal: attaches to the basement membrane

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21
Q

Functions of epithelium:

A
  • Mechanical barrier
  • Chemical barrier
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Containment
  • Locomotion
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22
Q

Pseudostratified definition:

A

Multiple layers, all in contact with basal lamina

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23
Q

Cell/tissue surface specialisations:

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Keratinized
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24
Q

Endocrine and exocrine glands function:

A

Endocrine: Product secreted towards basal end of cell and distributed by vascular system - ductless

Exocrine: Product secreted towards apical end of cell - ducted

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25
Q

Soft connective tissue:

A

Make up tendons and ligaments

Loose: loosely packed fibres separated by ground substance

Dense: densely packed bundles of collagen fibres

26
Q

Dense soft connective tissue; regular and irregular:

A

Dense regular: fibres aligned

Dense irregular: fibre bundles run in many directions

27
Q

What are features hard connective tissue and what does it make up?

A

Strong, flexible, compressible, semi-rigid.

Makes up:
- 3 types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
- Bone

28
Q

Bone structure:

A

Outer shell of cortical bone makes up shaft - diaphysis

Cancellous/trabecular bone occupies ends - epiphyses

29
Q

What are examples of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph.

30
Q

What is force in muscle contraction?

A

Movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

31
Q

3 main types of muscle and their features:

A

Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus

Skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated, multinucleated

Cardiac: involuntary, striated, single nucleus in centre, has intercalated discs that contain many intracellular junctions for stability

32
Q

Nervous tissue connective tissue coat in CNS and PNS:

A
  • Meninges in CNS
  • Epineurium in PNS
33
Q

3 types of glia in CNS and their function:

A

Astrocytes: provide support, involved in ion transport

Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin

Microglia: immune surveillance

34
Q

Glia of PNS and its function:

A

Schwann cells: produce myelin and supports axons

35
Q

3 layers of mucosa:

A

Endothelium (inner): sits on basal lamina

Lamina propria (middle): loose connective tissue

Muscularis mucosae (outer): thin layer of smooth muscle

36
Q

4 major layers of GI tract:

A

Mucosa

Submucosa: Made of loose connective tissue

Muscularis externa: 2 thick layers of thick muscle (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer)

Serosa or adventitia: Outer layer of connective tissue

37
Q

What is the difference between serosa and and adventitia?

A

Serosa suspends digestive tract
Adventitia attaches to other organs

38
Q

What is protective mucosa and where is it found?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Found in:
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Anal canal

39
Q

What is absorptive mucosa and where is it found?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

Found in small intestine

40
Q

What is secretory mucosa and where is it found?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

Found in stomach

41
Q

What is protective and absorptive mucosa and where is it found?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands
Found in large intestine

42
Q

What is the nervous system of the GI tract?

A

ENS

43
Q

3 main components of the respiratory system:

A

Bronchi: large diameter airways, hyaline cartilage in their wall

Bronchioles: small diameter airways, no cartilage, mainly smooth muscle

Alveoli: site of gas exchange, lined by simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

What are hepatic lobules?

A

Small divisions of the liver defined at the histological scale

45
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands:

A

Exocrine: Secrete pancreatic digestive enzymes

Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans → cause secretion of insulin and glucagon

46
Q

Components of blood:

A

erythrocytes (RBCs) ~45%
buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) <1%
plasma ~55%

47
Q

Where are clotting factors found?

A

In plasma

48
Q

What is serum?

A

Solution remaining after removal of clotting factors

49
Q

Features of erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Biconcave discs around 7µm in diameter
No nucleus or organelles (when mature)
Form a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements

50
Q

Features of neutrophils:

A
  • 40-75% of WBCs
  • Phagocytes (when activated)
  • Single, multi-lobed nucleus
51
Q

Features of eosinophils:

A
  • 5% of WBCs
  • Acidic granules that stain red, and a bi-lobed nucleus
  • Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes - inflammation
52
Q

Features of basophils:

A
  • 5% of WBCs
  • Basic granules that stain purple/blue, and a bi-lobed nucleus
  • Effector cells in allergic reactions
53
Q

Features of monocytes

A
  • 1-5% of WBCs
  • Precursors of tissue macrophages (phagocytes)
  • Large, kidney bean-shaped nucleus
54
Q

Features of lymphocytes:

A
  • 20-50% of WBCs
  • Small spherical nucleus and basophilic (blue) cytoplasm
55
Q

Which blood cell plays a key role in homeostasis?

A

Platelets

56
Q

Structure of arteries:

A

Tunica intima: Single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

Tunica media: Predominantly made up of smooth muscle

Tunica adventitia: Made up of supporting connective tissue

57
Q

Structure of arterioles:

A

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, almost no adventitia

58
Q

3 types of capillary:

A

Continuous: no pores

Fenestrated: small pores

Discontinuous: large gaps

59
Q

Structure of venules and postcapillary venules

A

Postcapillary venules: Endothelium and thin layer of connective tissue

Venules: Intermittent smooth muscle in tunica media

60
Q

Difference in vein structure:

A

Has a thinner, continuous, tunica media

61
Q

Types of neurones:

A

Multipolar: Many dendrites, one axon
Bipolar: One dendrite, one axon
Pseudounipolar: Axon in both directions due to short process

FoM - 1 (40 decks)

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