in class review Flashcards
According to Fields-Olivieri et al. (2017), fathers were more likely to demonstrate negative affect in response to their toddlers’ positive emotional signals
a. only if their toddlers were good at regulating their own attention.
b. only if their toddlers were high in trait negative affectivity.
c. only if their toddlers were low in surgency
d. only if their toddlers had easy temperaments
Fields-Olivieri et al’s study of toddlers’ temperament
only if their toddlers were good at regulating their own attention.
Fields-Olivieri et al.’s study of toddler’s temperament and its relation to parents’ responses to their children pertains to the ___ issue in developmental psychology.
nature/nurture
continuity/discontinuity
stability/change
activity/passivity
activity/passivity
Barbara believes that her son’s autism is her fault. She thinks that she was too emotionally distant during his early years and that’s what caused his autism. Barbara seems to have a(n) ______ perspective on the nature/nurture issue.
nativist
empiricist
interactionist
epigenetic
empiricist
The idea of maturation:
proposes that physical and behavioral changes “unfold” as we age according to a biological program.
is consistent with the empiricist perspective on the nature/nurture issue.
states that development os particular to the individual.
is consistent with the idea that developmental psychologists need to study mechanisms of development.
proposes that physical and behavioral changes “unfold” as we age according to a biological program.
some developmental scientists have proposed that if a newborn doesn’t have skin-to-skin contact with his/her mother within a few hours after birth, that child will never form an emotional attachment to the mother. this illustrates the notion of a ___.
critical period
sensitive period
plastic period
maturation period
critical period
freud proposed that everyone goes through five stages of personality development in the following order: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. given this information, which of the following would you say is true?
freud thought that nurture was solely responsible for personality development
freud believed that cultural context was
important to personality development
freud proposed that personality development was discontinuous
freud was an epigeneticist
freud proposed that personality development was discontinuous
Rijlaarsdam et al. (2013) showed that having very few learning materials at home predicted _____ problems in three-year-olds.
internalizing
externalizing
both
none of the above: the number of learning materials at home did not predict negative outcomes
internalizing
among children who suffer early deprivation, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This is the principle of
multifinality
constructivism
passivity
equifinality
multifinality
people who grew up during the Great Depression tend to trust others more than people who didn’t grow up during that time. This illustrates a ____ on development.
non-normative influence
normative history-graded influence
normative age-graded influence
non-normative historical influence
normative history-graded influence
experts used to think that if strabismus (“lazy eye”) was not corrected within the first three years of life, the affected person would never see in 3-D. however, some people had corrections and therapy much later (in their 40s), and achieved 3-d vision, although the process ws slower than if the interventions had occurred by age three. This illustrates that ____.
there is a critical period associated with the development of 3-d vision.
there is a cohort effect associated with the development of 3-d vision.
there is an age-graded influence of experience in the development of 3-d vision.
there is a sensitive period associated with the development of 3-d vision.
there is a sensitive period associated with the development of 3-d vision.
consider the “agouti” mice discussed in class. a female yellow mouse whose agouti gene is unmethylated and active:
won’t be overweight and sick
will; give birth to healthy mice only if she eats food that doesn’t contain methyl groups before and during pregnancy
will give birth to healthy mice only if she eats food rich in methyl groups before and during pregnancy
will have a different genome than a female brown mouse whose agouti gene is methylated and inactive
will give birth to healthy mice only if she eats food rich in methyl groups before and during pregnancy
according to Bronfenbrenner, the mass media is part of a person’s ____.
chronosystem
macrosystem
microsystems
mesosystem
exosystem
mesosystem
consider Esther Thelen’s work on the stepping reflex. why was it important to developmental psychologists?
it illustrated that nativists were correct about motor development
it illustrated the importance of searching for mechanisms of development
it showed that infants learn to inhibit their stepping reflex
it showed that the stepping reflex helps infants learn to operate a baby bouncer
it illustrated the importance of searching for mechanisms of development
Dr Jones is studying memory in a group of three-year-olds. This group of children represents a particular _____.
historical generations
normative groups
cohort
age-graded generation
cohort
in the U.S., turning 18 marks the beginning of adulthood. this illustrates a _____ on development.
normative history-graded influence
non-normative influence
cohort influence
normative age-graded influence
normative age-graded influence
Annie was not afraid of bats until she was attacked by one that got caught in her hair. now, when she sees a bat, Annie experiences extreme terror. Before the hair incident, bats were a(n) ______ for Annie.
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
neutral stimulus
which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species?
behaviorist
social-cognitive
bioecological
ethnological
ethnological
Nancy has just learned to throw and catch a ball. she can now participate in team sports, which will provide ample opportunities for not only her physical development, but also her cognitive, social, and emotional development. this example illustrates that development is:
the result of maturation
solely determined by nurture
holistic
plastic
holistic
the case of Jody Miller illustrates that losing 1/2 of one’s cerebral cortex (because of surgery to cure a seizure disorder):
guarantees sever, long-term cognitive deficits
guarantees sever, long-term cognitive deficits only if the surgeon cuts into the brain stem
guarantees complete paralysis from the neck down
does not guarantee sever, long-term cognitive deficits
does not guarantee sever, long-term cognitive deficits
in temperament terms, surgency refers to the child’s tendency to display negative affect.
true
false
false
operant conditioning can be used to teach social skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
true
false
true
Gottlieb showed that ducklings that had been delocalized and incubated in sound-proof chambers, exposed to NO SOUND AT ALL:
showed a clear preference for mallard calls
showed a clear preference for chicken calls
did not show a clear preference for either mallard or chicken calls
did not show a clear preference for either mallard or chicken calls
Cindy went to the gym every day for two months. She noticed an increase in her muscle tone. She then stopped going to the gym and noticed her muscles getting flabby. According to Gottlieb, this scenario illustrates that experience can serve a(n) _____ function in development.
inductive
facilitative
maintenance
maintenance
according to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children _____.
actively construct knowledge
passively acquire knowledge
reason in much the same way adults do
reason illogically until they reach adolescence
reason illogically until they reach adolescence
developmental neuroscience research has so captivated the field that it ____.
has nearly replaced the information-processing perspective
risks overemphasizing the roles of parenting and education in development
has revealed nearly all there is to know about factors that support or undermine brain development
poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development
poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development
research confirms the ___ in promoting resilience.
overriding role of children’s genetically influenced traits
independence of children’s personal dispositions and social support
weak role of children’s intelligence and social valued talents
complex connections between children’s personal traits and rearing experiences
complex connections between children’s personal traits and rearing experiences
Bandura is unique among theorists whose work grew out of the behaviorist tradition because he ____.
believed that operant conditioning is supremely important in development
disregarded the role of cognition in children’s modeling of other’s behavior
replaced his social-cognitive approach with a social learning approach
granted children an active role in their own learning
granted children a role in their own learning
in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the environment is ever-changing— a feature captured by the _____.
microsystems
macrosystem
exosystem
chronosystem
chronosystem
According to the dynamic system view, development is best conceived as a ____.
staircase with each step corresponding to a more mature way of functioning
web of fibers, each representing an advanced skill, branching out in many directions
series of nested, interrelated environmental layers that form an ever-changing system
web of fibers, each representing an advanced skill, branching out in many directions
a growing number of theorists believe that ___.
the relative impact of early and later experience is constant across domains of development
viewing child development from a developmental systems perspective is misleading
heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other modify traits and capacities
neither continuous nor discontinuous developmental change occurs in the vast majority of children
heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities
what makes a scientific theory “good”?
it is falsifiable
it is testable
it is provable
it is understandable
it is falsifiable
