chapter 1, chapter quiz Flashcards
A researcher believes that both nature and nurture influence development and that in sensitive periods, early experiences set the course of later development. what theoretical perspective is this researcher expressing?
ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology
vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
social learning theory
ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology
one disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that ___.
participations benefit from practice effects, leading to biased developmental findings
it does not permit researchers to study individual development trends
participants are likely to drop out before the study is complete
it does not permit examination of age-related differences
it does not permit researchers to study individual development trends
researchers who adopt a dynamic systems perspective try to find out how children attain new levels of organization by ____.
investigating how children navigate a single line of stagewise or continuous change
bringing together investigators from psychology, biology, and medicine
studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills
designing flow charts to map the precise steps children use to compete tasks
studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills
During early childhood, children _____.
focus on defining personal values and goals
become more self-controlled and self-sufficient
take their first independent steps, shifting toward greater autonomy
master new adultlike responsibilities
become more self-controlled and self-sufficient
To avoid violating the promise to participating children that their responses will remain confidential, researchers should tell children in advance that _____.
they will be debriefed if the researcher’s confidentiality promise cannot be kept
they should not disclose information about anyone who is harming them or threatening to do so
parents and school officials are exceptions to the researcher’s confidentiality promise
any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult
any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult
Bandura is unique among theorists whose work grew out of the behaviorist tradition because he _____.
disregarded the role of cognition in children’s modeling of others’ behavior
replaced his social-cognitive approach with a social learning approach
believed that operant conditioning is supremely important in development
granted children an active role in their own learning
granted children an active role in their own learning
A growing number of theorists believe that _____.
viewing child development from a developmental systems perspective is misleading
neither continuous nor discontinuous developmental change occurs in the vast majority of children
heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities
the relative impact of early and later experiences is constant across domains of development
heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities
G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, _____.
regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process
developed theories that were the forerunners of the psychoanalytic perspective
were primarily interested in studying children with exceptional talents
discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process
Because longitudinal research conducted over multiple years requires large investments of time, effort, and resources, researchers are increasingly answering questions about development using _____.
microgenetic studies, which take less time to complete
large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access
cross-sectional investigations with small but carefully chosen samples
case studies on individuals of differing ages
large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access
Research on family chaos reveals that it is _____.
contributes to high anxiety and low self-esteem but not to behavior problems in children
often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures
cannot occur as long as parents and children engage in joint activities, such as family meals
more common in economically advantaged families in which parents are reluctant to multitask
often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures
Which perspective maintains that development is discontinuous?
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
social learning theory
information processin
ecological systems theory
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
A limitation of Piaget’s theory is that it _____.
underestimates the active role children play in their own development
posits a sequence of stages that are too vague to be tested empirically
overemphasizes the power of adult teaching to enhance children’s thinking
pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children
pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children
The first successful intelligence test, devised by Binet and Simon, was constructed for the purpose of _____.
developing a theory of cognitive development
resolving the nature–nurture controversy
identifying children with learning problems
identifying gifted and talented children
identifying children with learning problems
With respect to ethical concerns in research, if any risks to the safety and welfare of participants outweigh the worth of the research for advancing knowledge and improving life conditions, then preference is always given to the _____.
participants’ interests
views of uninvolved developmental scientists
researchers’ interests
views of officials in schools, hospitals, or other relevant institutions
participants’ interests
Research confirms the _____ in promoting resilience.
independence of children’s personal dispositions and social supports
overriding role of children’s genetically influenced traits
complex connections between children’s personal traits and rearing experiences
weak role of children’s intelligence and socially valued talents
complex connections between children’s personal traits and rearing experiences
