important things for quiz Flashcards
What are the 5 principles of primary health care ?
five principles of PHC: accessibility, public
participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and
intersectoral collaboration or co-operation.
What is health promotion?
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an
individual or group must be able to identify and to realize
aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the
environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday
life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept
emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as
physical capacities. Therefore, health promotion is not just the
responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy
lifestyles to well-being. (2009a, p. 1)
What is intersectoral collaboration?
Intersectoral collaboration or co-operation means that
because health and well-being are linked to economic and
social policy, intersectoral collaboration is needed to establish
national and local health goals, healthy public policies, and
planning and evaluation of health services. Providers from different
health professions and sectors of society must collaborate
and function interdependently to meet the needs of the
public. They must all also participate in government policy
formation that impacts the health and well-being of people in
their society.
The WHO has outlined eight
essential components of PHC, and these are used as guiding
principles to set direction and measure success. What are they?
1) education about health problems and prevention techniques
2) promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
3) adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
4) maternal and child healthcare, including family planing
5) Immunization against major infectious diseases
6) prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
7) appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries using the PHC principle of appropriate technology (the right intervention or initiative at the right time, so the needs of the entire pop are met.. right healthcare providers, right resources based on the local economy)
8) provism of essential ldrugs
what is primary health care? What are it’s two underlying principles?
Below is the answer.. this information was declared in the alma-ata declaration !!!
essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and
socially acceptable methods and technology made universally
accessible to individuals and families in the community through
their full participation and at a cost that the community and
country can afford to maintain at every stage of their
development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.
B) social justice and equity
What is the Lalonde report?
after medical care act of 1966, governments became responsible for financing a universal health care system for canadians, so efforts to control costs were made. This led to the development of this report. (first landmark report)
“A new perspective
on the health of Canadians” in 1974 written by Marc Lalonde,
then Minister of National Health and Welfare, Canada, currently
called Health Canada.
Four elements of the health field
concept were presented: human biology, environment, lifestyle,
and healthcare organization. The purpose of this working
document was to unfold a new perspective on the health of
Canadians and stimulate interest in future health programs for
Canada. However, it achieved much more. It shifted national
thinking toward health promotion, albeit mainly focused on
lifestyles, and led to the establishment of Canada as an initiator
and world leader in health promotion. Participaction, a wellknown
program encouraging individual exercise and healthy
living, was launched in the 1970s as one initiative resulting
from the Lalonde Report (Participaction Archive Project, n.d.).
What is a criticism of the Lalonde report?
The lalonde report puts emphasis on individual responsibility for ones own health, thus seemed to blame individuals
What is the alma ata declaration?
The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of Health for All. The following are excerpts from the Declaration:
The Conference strongly reaffirms that health, which is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental human right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of health is a most important world-wide social goal whose realization requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector.
The existing gross inequality in the health status of the people, particularly between developed and developing countries as well as within countries, is politically, socially, and economically unacceptable and is, therefore, of common concern to all countries.
The people have a right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care.
Primary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the country’s health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family, and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first elements of a continuing health care process.
An acceptable level of health for all the people of the world by the year 2000 can be attained through a fuller and better use of the world’s resources, a considerable part of which is now spent on armaments and military conflicts. A genuine policy of independence, peace, détente, and disarmament could and should release additional resources that could well be devoted to peaceful aims and in particular to the acceleration of social and economic development of which primary health care, as an essential part, should be allotted its proper share.
What is the epp report? (1986)
This is a framework for health promotion, with the goal of achieving health for all. This came at a time when WHO announced “health for all by 2020” and when health promotion was a hot topic.
3 promotion strategies:
1) reducing inequities
2) increasing prevention
3) enhancing coping
3 heath promotion mechanisms:
1) self-care
2) mutual aid (actions to other take to help one another)
3) health environments
3 key heaLTh promotion implementation strategies:
1) fostering public participation
2) strengthening community health services
3) coordinating health public policy
*he believed decisions about health should be transparent (belonging to all stakeholders, not just governments).
*stressed the need for partnerships in health with all stakeholders (sounds like intersectoral involvement) and also sounds like community as partner!!
As communities became more involved they took collective action which lead to the healthy communities movement (initiated in toronto and spread worldwide)
Ottawa charter for health promotion (1986)*stre
- health is a resource for everyday living*
- emphasized a socioenvironmental approach to equity in health
- prerequisiets for health as: peace, shelter, education, food, income, social justice, equity, sustainable resources, and a stable ecosystem (which emphasizes social justice, even more so than epp did.. this charter builds on his points)
- stressed government, nongovernment, individuals, etc. must work in partnership for health (inter sectorial approach)
- outlined 5 health-promotion strategies and aims:
1) build health public policy
2) create supportive environments
3) strengthen community action – empower communities
4) develop personal skills- aim to assist people to make informed choices so that they can have control over their own health
5) reorient health services- aim to organize health , social , political , economic and physical sectors by focusing on the total needs of the individual
importance of alma- ata declaration?
In 1978, an international
conference on PHC resulted in the Declaration of Alma-
Ata (WHO, 1978). An important component of the
declaration was the statement that health “is a fundamental
human right and that the attainment of the highest possible
level of health is a most important worldwide social goal
whose realization requireconomic sectors in addition to the health sector” This declaration drew attention to the inequalities
in healthcare status between high-income and low-income
countries and stated that interventions should be practical,
scientifically sound, socially acceptable, and universally accessible
to individuals and families in the community, at a cost
the people and country could afford. Community participation
at all levels of intervention should, as much as possible,
use local resources, including educating and hiring indigenous
healthcare professionals.es the action of many other social and
The charter has 5 key action areas for health promotion, what are they?
a. Building healthy public policy. This means health must
be on the agenda of policy makers across all sectors and
levels of society—not just the health sector.
b. Creating supportive environments for health. The way
that society is organized (e.g., living and working conditions)
must be addressed, as health cannot be separated
from other goals.
c. Strengthening community action. At the heart of this
action strategy is community empowerment—for communities
to have a greater sense of ownership and control
over their own endeavours and destinies. Community
development is an important component of this strategy.
d. Developing personal skills. Enhancing people’s life skills
enables them to exercise more control over their own
health. Education and institutional action are required.
e. Reorienting health services toward preventing diseases
and promoting health. The responsibility for health promotion
in health services is one that is shared by all citizens;
we must work together toward creating a healthcare
system that contributes to the pursuit of health. (WHO
et al., 1986).
what is cultural pluralism?
Cultural pluralism involves valuing
and honouring all cultures equally. Taking this
perspective encourages CHNs to be open-minded and
respect others’ beliefs, values, behaviours, and ways of life
true definition: a condition in which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain their cultural differences. a doctrine that a society benefits from such a condition.
What is cultural relativism?
true def: Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
Textbook: Cultural relativism is a related
concept that also encourages an appreciation of cultural differences
but, furthermore, “rejects assumptions of superiority
of one’s culture and averts ethnocentrism” (Racher &
Annis, 2012, p. 159). Cultural relativism involves respecting
culture and honouring diversity and it supports the
idea of a “cultural mosaic” as seen in Canada. CHNs practising
in global health contexts may encounter various cultural
practices that have implications for health. For example,
skin lightening is practised in various countries including
the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America (Peregrino,
Moreno, Miranda, Rubio, & Leal, 2011), female infanticide
in India (Mittal, Khanna, Khanagwal, & Paliwal, 2013),
widow shunning and widow burning in India (Mastey,
2009), and child brides in Ethiopia (Gage, 2013). Another
example of a cultural practice that has health implications
is that of female genital mutilation (FGM), which is discussed
next
What is ethical relativism
Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.
