chapter 6 Flashcards
4 commonly accepted principles of health care ethics, excerpted from Beauchamp and Childress include the principles of?
these principles have been around for a lot longer than 2008 and while critiqued in many ways, still provide the foundational reasoning for how health care decisions are made. for example, ethical decision making in hospital simplicity refer to these principles through ethic boards that puzzle out decisions about health care
respect for autonomy
non-maleficence
beneficence
justice
__________________ suggests the fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities, and their consequences. it focuses on the relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society as well as the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them
social justice
the notion of well being emerges in ________________ discourse as the intersections of health, personal security, ability to reason, human attachment and self determination
social justice
public health adopts a _____________ approach to ethical decision making. it is important to understand this approach to social control as one that attempts to be the least restrictive. perhaps the best example of the dilemma of social control and respecting individual choice is the advocacy for seat belts or bike helmets and the ongoing debate about vaccines
utilitarian
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
t or f
if you look to building capacity, you may find yourself advocating at the sociopolitical level of intervention and not necessarily providing individual care
true
bias and stereotypes lead to prejudice, discrimination and oppression. sometimes advocating for a different understanding is an intervention that has the potential to interrupt the continuance of __________ information and ______________ but not intervening on a community but on the people who work within the community
bias
oppression
with regards to the community assessment and intervention well, what are the elements that make it up?
community core physical environment education safety/transportation politics/government health/social services communication economics recreation
CNA “values and ethical responsibilities”: (7)
safe, competent ethical care
health and wellbeing
informed decision making
dignity
privacy/confidentiality
justice
accountability
CHN ethics refer to _________, ____________, ___________ principles, ______________ and ______________ that guide conduct
values norms moral virtues traditions
CNA code recognizes ethical endeavours that address aspects of _____________
social justice
state the 10 social justice attributes
equity human rights democracy/civil rights capacity building just institutions enabling environments poverty reduction ethical practice advocacy partnerships
________________ assumes that all societies experience systematic oppression (racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism) which affect some people more than others
social justice
everyone contributes to _____________ and ______________ and are responsible for the achievement of social, political and economic parity
oppression
inequity
what are the central ethical issues in CHN?
ethical issues of:
health promotion
professional relationships
prevention and health protection
access and equity
health maintenance, restoration, and palliation
there is an ethical issue of health promotion:
- because health is a value laden concept, CHNs can influence individuals to conform to _________________ through health promotion and unwittingly becoming agents of social control and _______________
- a possible mortal harm of health promotion is its potential to create adversarial relationships between those who?
- CHNs must be mindful of the social and professional _______________ they possess as respected and trusted health professionals
social norms
medicalization
actively strive to improve their health and those who do not
power
there is an ethical issue of professional relationships:
professional ___________________- crossing a _____________ means the care provider is misusing the power in the relationship to meet their own personal needs
boundaries
boundary
there is an ethical issue of prevention and health protection:
-4 utilitarian principles for making ethical decisions about intervention include?
harm principle- prevent harm… this is more tricky with a public health or community nurse bc their responsibility is also the larger community. e.g. if a patient with active TB wants to go out in public, we might keep them in isolation regardless of their wishes. These type of measures are only acceptable when preventing harm to others (the greater good)
least restrictive or coercive means- e.g. education and promotion would come before enforcing interventions. e.g. a teen smoking cessation program before punishments enforced
reciprocity- e.g. if someone has to serve a duty for others, then are we doing what we can to support them, if not are they compensated? e.g. an isolated patient being compensated for lost wages
transparency- all stakeholders involved in decisions, able to weigh in, does someone hold more power in the decision making?
with regards to the 4 utilitarian principles for making ethical decisions about intervention, which does each of these statements refer to?
“considering whether anyone other than individual is harmed”
“less coercive options are best used prior to governmental intervention”
“social entities are ethically obligated to assist individual in meeting their own ethical responsibilities”
“decision making must be accountable and equitable”
harm principle
least restrictive or coercive means
reciprocity
transparency
there is an ethical issue of access and equity:
-CHNs must take into consideration that social factors such as ___________, ______________ orientation and __________________ status restrict equitable access and distribution of health services and determinants of health
age
sexual
socioeconomic
CHNs are required to disclose health information on a _____________________ and abide by relevant privacy legislation
some exceptions apply such as?
need to know
court orders
subpoenas
emergency situations
other legal issues may arise from negligence resulting from a breach in the standard of ____________
care
CHNs work collaboratively when building individual and community capacity by using strategies involving ______________ and ______________
empowerment
advocacy
_________________ is the process of enabling communities to increase control over their lives and by which they increase their assist and attributes and build capacities to gain access, partners, networks and or a voice, in order to gain control
empowerment
_________________: community health nursing takes a stand for their practice, aims, and reforms that are in line with the moral goals of public health
advocacy
CHN advocacy often has a strong ___________________ orientation for populations sensitive to health inequities and or otherwise marginalized
social justice
explain how capacity building is related to advocacy?
it takes a stand for the practices, aims and reforms that are in line with the moral goals of public health, which have a strong social justice orientation
ethical problems in the community can also take on a _____________ nature
political
t or f
power in itself is ethically neutral
true
efforts to prevent disease and injury restrict the liberty of individuals, thereby limiting their _____________ and _______________ (give example)
choice
autonomy
seat belt laws
healthy choices in vending machines
no smoking laws (this is also the harm principle… can restrict for the greater good of the population)
analyze the political nature of ethical problems in the community:
first, _________________ approaches tend to be concerned with the ethical use of power in health care. broad political and structural dimensions of problems in healthcare and also the day to day use of power by health professionals are examined. power in itself is ethically neutral. how power is used is of ethical significance. it is important to recognize that efforts to prevent disease and injury restrict liberty, thereby limiting their choice and __________________. for example, seat belt laws and speed limits restrict the liberty of individuals but they are needed to protect _____________
social justice
autonomy
health
CHNs encounter ______________ issues in all facets of their everyday work. Ethical nursing practice requires CHNs to be able to reflect critically upon their practice, make sound ethical decisions, and take appropriate action.
ethical
CNA code of ethics also recognizes ethical endeavors that address aspects of ____________________ related to broad societal issues in which nurses are asked to work toward eliminating social inequities
social justice
