chapter 8-health promotion

Question 1

health

Answer 1

____________: a dynamic process with multiple assumptions and understandings that evolve over time and evolve with varying professional perspectives and purpose

Question 2

health promotion

Answer 2

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

Question 3

primary health care (PHC)

Answer 3

essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self determination

Question 4

population health promotion

Answer 4

is a process of taking action on the interrelated conditions (SDOH) that affect a populations health, to create healthy change. it focuses on maintaining or improving the health of populations and reducing disparities in health status between people, evident in the health issues that those with inadequate income face

Question 5

t or f

health promotion goes far beyond just promoting healthy lifestyle

Answer 5

true

Question 6

according to Navarro,the root cause of a continual lack of progress in health promotion is due to the continuation of?

Answer 6

neo-libral government policies that accentuate and promote class dominance and class alliances based on power

Question 7

programs aimed at changing ______________ behaviour have limited effectiveness

Answer 7

individual

Question 8

the population health promotion model is a _____________ developed model which is visually represented in the form of a cube and it helps us to understand the __________, _________, __________ and _____________ of intervention or action on multiple levels across a society to create healthy change. Nancy Hamilton and Tariq bhatti from the health promotion development division of Health Canada developed this model in 1996 and Larry Flynn from health Canada revised/streamlined the model in 1999

Answer 8

Canadian 
who
what 
how 
why

Question 9

with regards to the population health promotion model, what falls under the levels of action (who) part of the cube?

Answer 9

society
structural or system
community
family
individual

Question 10

with regards to the population health promotion model, what falls under the determinants (what) part of the cube?

Answer 10

income/social status
social environments
work/working conditions
education
social support networks
genetic endowment
personal coping skills 
health services
healthy child development
culture
physical environments
gender

Question 11

with regards to the population health promotion model, what falls under the action strategies (how) part of the cube?

Answer 11

building health public policy
strengthen community action
create supportive environments
develop personal skills
re-orient health services

Question 12

with regards to the population health promotion model, what falls under the foundations (why) part of the cube?

Answer 12

evidence based decision making

research
evaluation
values and assumptions
experiential learning

Question 13

the intent of the population health promotion model is to?

Answer 13

help guide actions to improve health, asking the following: on what should we take action, how should we take action and with whom should we act?

Question 14

with regards to the population health promotion model, the sides of the cube include ________________, levels of ____________ and action _____________. the ___________ of the cube become the fourth side

Answer 14

SDOH
action
strategies
foundations

Question 15

the population health promotion model addresses three critical questions to help guide our actions to improve our health: what are they?

Answer 15

what should be done to improve population health?

how should we take action?

who with whom should we act?

Question 16

the population health promotion model addresses three critical questions to help guide our actions to improve our health, they include:

• what should be done to improve population health. the response to the question of “what” should be done to improve population, is to take action on the full range of health ____________
• how should we take action? action should be taken using on comprehensive ___________ _________________, as laid out in the Ottawa charter for Health promotion
• with whom should we act? interventions can be directed from _____________ through to _______________ levels

Answer 16

determinants
action strategies
individual
societal

Question 17

with regards to the population health promotion model, when assembling the evidence based decisions, the 3 sources as outlined in the model (__________, _________________ and _______________), should be consulted

Answer 17

research
experimentallearning
evaluation

Question 18

the population health promotion model incorporates a number of values and assumptions:

• comprehensive action needs to be taken on all the ______________
• multiple __________ points for planning and implementing are essential
• health problems may affect some groups more than __________
• solutions to problems involve changing social __________ and ____________
• ones health is a result of a combination of ones own health _____________ plus the impact of social and physical _____________ in which we live, work and play
• health promoting opportunities arise in environments with ____________ and equity and where relationships are built on mutual respect and caring rather than on power and status
• meaningful _______________ of community members is needed

Answer 18

determinants of health
entry
others
values
structures
practices
environment
social justice
participation

Question 19

disease prevention has 3 levels, state them

Answer 19

primary prevention
secondary prevetnion
tertiary prevention

Question 20

what level of disease prevention is this?

promotes health through an upstream approach using the identification of potential risk factors and the mobilization of policy and public awareness to avoid injury or illness

Answer 20

primary prevention

Question 21

what level of disease prevention is this?

avoidance of illness or injury through health promotion activities and protective actions

Answer 21

primary prevention

Question 22

what level of disease prevention is this?

strategies are aimed at preventing or reducing the risk of disease or injury from occurring

Answer 22

primary prevention

Question 23

what level of disease prevention is this?

promotes health through the early identification of diseases and conditions and timely treatment of them

Answer 23

secondary prevention

Question 24

what level of disease prevention is this?

the focus is to halt an illness if possible and perhaps effect a cure, or at least slow the progression of a disease through therapeutic treatments and medications

Answer 24

secondary prevention

Question 25

what level of disease prevention is this?

initiated once an individual becomes symptomatic, or disease or injury is evident

Answer 25

tertiary prevention

Question 26

what level of disease prevention is this?

focus is on maintaining or restoring function and preventing further disability from the disease or injury

Answer 26

tertiary prevention

Question 27

what level of disease prevention is this?

goal is to limit disability and to rehabilitate or restore the affected person to the maximum possible capacity, maximize their quality of life and meet their self identified goals

Answer 27

tertiary prevention

Question 28

acute care services are usually ____________ prevention measures, and are focused on individual treatment and cure and are considered _____________ interventions

Answer 28

tertiary

downstream

Question 29

give some upstream examples

Answer 29

policy and programs

• corporations and other businesses
• government agencies
• schools

social inequities

• class
• race/ethnicity
• gender
• immigration status
• sexual orientation

Question 30

give some midstream examples

Answer 30

physical environment

• housing
• land use
• transportation
• residential segregation

behaviour

• smoking
• nutrition
• physical activities
• violence

Question 31

give some downstream examples

Answer 31

disease and injury

• infectious disease
• chronic disease
• injury

mortality

• infant mortality
• life expectancy

Question 32

what is the goal of social marketing?

Answer 32

is to encourage health promoting behaviours, or to eliminate or significantly reduce behaviours that negatively impact a populations health

Question 33

what are the 4 P’s?

what may other P’s include?

Answer 33

product
price
place
promotion

policy change
people (training is provided to intervention delivery agents)

Question 34

nursing has defined the concept of health as an evolving, holistic human experience, informed by multiple professions, recognizing the medical definition is just one aspect of health

Promoting health is the foundation of nursing practice

Answer 34

… fyi

Question 35

The international concept of health had been disease focused until 1946, when the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO) broadened the definition from just the absence of disease to “a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

Answer 35

fyi…

Question 36

CHNs define health as “a

resource for everyday life that is influenced by circumstances, beliefs and the determinants of health”

Answer 36

fyi…

Question 37

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for every- day life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Therefore, health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy lifestyles to well-being

Answer 37

fyi…

Question 38

“health promotion represents a com- prehensive social and political process, it not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed toward changing social, environmental and economic conditions so as to alleviate their

Answer 38

fyi

Question 39

The WHO describes PHC as the route to better health for all, with five key elements required to achieve that goal:
-reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (uni- versal coverage reforms);

• organizing health services around people’s needs and expectations (service delivery reforms);
• integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms);
• pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leader-
  ship reforms); and

-increasing stakeholder participation

Answer 39

fyi…

Question 40

There are five principles of PHC: accessibility, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and intersectoral collaboration or co-operation. Accessibility means that healthcare is universally available to all people regardless of geographic community and is delivered in a timely manner. This means the distribution of healthcare providers must include rural, remote, and urban communi- ties. However, barriers to accessibility go well beyond geo- graphic barriers—they can also refer to barriers created by healthcare providers’ assumptions about, or biases against, certain groups of people

The second principle of PHC is public participation. This means people are actively encouraged to participate in making decisions about their own health and in identifying the health needs of their communities. The design and delivery of health- care must be flexible, responsive, and ensure respect for diver- sity.

Appropriate technology means that the appropriate modes of care are available based on a society’s social, eco- nomic, and cultural development. Equity is an important component of appropriate technology. Appropriate technol- ogy does not mean an MRI in every village; rather, it means that alternatives to high-cost or high-technology services must be developed in many environments. Appropriate
models of healthcare must be developed and tested before implementation

Intersectoral collaboration or co-operation means that because health and well-being are linked to economic and social policy, intersectoral collaboration is needed to establish national and local health goals, healthy public policies, and planning and evaluation of health services. Providers from dif- ferent health professions and sectors of society must collabo- rate and function interdependently to meet the needs of the public. They must all also participate in government policy formation that impacts the health and well-being of people in their society.

Answer 40

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