Important Concepts from Unit 9 Notes Flashcards
growing numbers of analysts and activists have insisted that in order to understand social stratification we have to examine how different axes of identity ______ to contribute to experience/oppression
intersect (!)
___________ defines intersectionality as “an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification”
Kenneth J. Guest, an intersectional approach insists that analyses that focus only on single dimensions of identity and inequality can sometimes end up neglecting the specific experiences of individuals.
what is the example given for intersectionality?
African American women, underrepresented in the 1970s for both movements of feminism and civil rights, their issues were “ignored” by both groups, yet they fell in the category of both
true/false: race is not biological
true (!)
true/false: caste can never interrelate in complex ways with class
false, it can!
_________ social scientists inherited _______ tendencies to view class as ascribed and relatively stable. ________ _________ social scientists, by contrast, have tended to define class largely in terms of income level. From this perspective, class is often treated as open to change
European
North American
________ __________ refers to a phenomenon in which similarly ranking mid-level jãtis organize together to support political parties that would protect their interests, which are often class interests
Horizontal mobilization (!)
______ can best be defined as “clusters of people who have common culture traits that they distinguish from those of other people”
Ethnicity (!)
Scholars _________ and ________ _________, who specialize in the anthropological study of race and racism, note that it is only with colonization that such phenotypical differences started to play an important role in distinguishing different groups of humans from one another, leading to the modern concepts of race and racism that are still with us today
Audrey and Brian Smedley
up until the ____ century, language and religion – not physical variations – were the primary markers of difference between different social groups
17th
true/false: like class, ethnicity can be both an ascribed and an achieved identity
true
true/false: colonization frequently played an important role in creating the ethnic groups in existence today, either by altering the boundaries around existing ethnic groups or, in some cases, leading to the production of new ethnic groups that were not continuous with any single previously existing cultural group
true
in northern _______, successive German, French, and British colonial officials relied on local Muslim chiefs to identify significant local social divisions for them. As a result, colonial rulers ended up adopting the Muslim practice of lumping together all of the myriad non-Muslim peoples of the hills and plains as Haabe or Kirdi, meaning “pagan.” Because the Guidar, Daba, Fali, Ndjgen, and Guiziga and other non-Muslim peoples were treated in similar ways by colonial authorities, they came to share a common set of interests and developed a new, more inclusive ethnic identity
Cameroon
_____ and _______ ________ also argue that these practices of transforming and grouping together different ethnicities resulted in a “nested” system of identities throughout Africa under European colonization
John and Jean Comaroff
Emily Shultz’s investigation of ethnic identity in Guider, Cameroon, provides one perfect example of how…
ethnic identity may be achieved
The Fulbe were generally willing to accept individuals not born into Fulbe identity as Fulbe, provided that they were able to master the Fulbe _______ (Fulfulde), practiced the Fulbe religion of _____, and adopted the Fulbe “________”
language
Islam
“way of life”
Changing ethnic identity thus simply meant affiliating themselves with individuals in the city to which they had moved and were living
a crucial part of racism is _______
systemic oppression
true/false: race is based in culture and not in biology
true
________ argues, cultural systems of racial classification pick out some phenotypical variations and treat them as more important in determining race than others
Jeffrey Fish
true/false: scholars argue that North American racial classifications have at least historically and traditionally been dominated by an ideology of “hypo-descent”.
What is hypo-descent?
true
race is calculated according to who your parents are, usually by your “lower-ranked” parent
ex if your parents are black and white, you’ll be classified as black, instead of white
_______ and _________ systems of racial classification instead have multiple different categorizations meant to recognize any number of possible phenotypical combinations
Brazilian and Cuban
______ refers to individuals with straight blond hair, blue/green eyes, light skin colour, a narrow nose, and thin lips
Loura
______ refers to individuals with light skin colour, eyes of any colour, hair that isn’t tight and curly, a nose that isn’t broad, and lips that aren’t thick
Branca
______ refers to individuals with wavy brown/black hair, tan skin, a nose that is not narrow, and lips that aren’t thin
Morena
_______ refers to individuals who are similar to morenas, but have tight, curly hair, and a slightly darker range of hair/skin colour
Mulata
______ refers to individuals who have dark brown skin, a broad nose, and thick lips
Preta
______________’s research on race and racism in Nicaragua similarly demonstrates both the culturally variable ways in which race can be calculated and the ways in which, in spite of this variability, racism around the world tends to reinforce the privileges of lighter skinned peoples
Roger Lancaster
Lancaster argued that in colourism, there were no _______________
fixed race boundaries, instead, individuals negotiate their colour identity anew in every social situation they enter, with the result that the colour they might claim or be accorded changes from situation to situatio
In the first phenotypic system, there are three categories: ______, _______, ________. In the second system, which Lancaster refers to as the “_______” system, all of the colours in the phenotypic system are inflated. Hence, Europeans are called chele, a Mayan word that means blue and refers to the idea that Europeans have blue eyes, morenos are called blanco, and negros are referred to as moreno. Lancaster was told that it was considered impolite to refer to someone as negro. In rural areas, for similar reasons, Indians are called mestizos rather than indios. The third system, which Lancaster refers to as the ________and/or _________ system, there are only two terms: chele (fairer skin, light hair) or negro (darker skin, darker hair). Both chele or negro can be heard as impolite, but members of a family may call one another negro or “negrito mio” (my black) as a term of affection.
blanco, moreno, and negro
polite
pejorative and/or affectionate
which sociologist studied black American households?
Thomas Shapiro
________ (2007) argues that middle-class African Americans may find themselves forced to adopt what she refers a “performative” approach to race. In a context where being poor and black is often equated with negative stereotypes, middle-class African-Americans work to mobilize various markers and signals to differentiate themselves in the eyes of whites from lower-class African-Americans
Karyn Lacy
___________ devised a second and important definition of the nation that has exercised much influence in anthropology. He argues that the nation can be defined as an “imagined political community.”
Benedict Anderson
