Impaired Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Control

A

Ability to regulate or direct movements

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2
Q

What do motor control impairments usually result from?

A

a result of a disease or health condition and NOT a result of the normal aging process

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3
Q

Neural control

A

Cooperation of numerous structures within the nervous system (primary motor cortex, nonprimary cortical motor areas, and supplementary motor areas)
Work together to plan and execute voluntary movements

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4
Q

Gross motor control

A

Ability to make large, general movements

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5
Q

What does gross motor control require?

A

proper coordination and function of muscle, bones, and nerves

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

correction of movement and coordination

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7
Q

Basal ganglia

A

selection of desired movements, initiation of movements, and inhibition of competing movements

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

postural control and basic/ gross movements

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9
Q

Motor cortex

A

planning, initiation, and direction of voluntary movements

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10
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

initiates signals that are involved in execution of movement

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11
Q

Secondary motor cortices

A

additional areas involved in motor function

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12
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Arises at the primary motor cortex and ends at specified areas of the spinal cord
Primary pathway for controlling voluntary movement

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13
Q

Subconscious pathway

A

allows for subconscious control of muscle tone, balance, eye, hand, and upper limb position

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14
Q

or system impairments that contribute to motor control deficits in elderly

A

Motor System Impairments

Sensory System Impairments

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15
Q

Motor System Impairments

A
Paresis
Abnormal tone
Fractionated movement deficits
Ataxia
hypokinesia
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16
Q

Sensory System Impairments

A

Somatosensory loss

Perceptual deficits

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17
Q

Paresis

A

Reduced ability to voluntarily activate the spinal motor neurons
Problem is usually movement execution&raquo_space; associated with wide range of neurologic conditions

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18
Q

Primary system for paresis

A

corticospinal system

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19
Q

Hypotonicity

A

Decreased resistance to passive movement and decreased or absent stretch reflex response

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20
Q

Flaccidity

A

severe form of hypotonicity in which there is no muscle tone present

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21
Q

Hypotonicity is seen in patients with:

A

Peripheral nerve damage
Polio
Degenerative neuromuscular disease
Acutely after a stroke that affects the cerebellum or corticospinal system

22
Q

Hypertonicity

A

Increase in muscle tone
Increased resistance to passive movement and an increased stretch reflex response
Loss of supraspinal inhibition to the spinal cord

23
Q

Hypertonicity seen in patients with:

A

Spinal cord injury
Traumatic brain injury
Multiple sclerosis
Cerebral palsy

24
Q

Spasticity

A
velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement
Typically stronger in one direction over another
Versus rigidity (rigidity is NOT velocity or direction dependent)
25
Fractionated Movement Deficits
Inability to make isolated movements Associated with CNS dysfunction Damage to the corticospinal system resulting in decreased ability to selectively activate muscles
26
Motricity Index
Provides a standard MMT score that is objective | Uses standard MMT of 3 specific UE and 3 specific LE segments
27
Motricity Index UE segments:
shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, pinch grip
28
Motricity Index LE segments:
hip flexion, knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion
29
Modified Ashworth Scale
Objective test of motor control impairments Test uses passive ROM of multiple UE and LE segments at varying speeds Scale is used to assess spasticity
30
Finger-Thumb Opposition
Patient is asked to touch the thumb to the tips of each finger rapidly Assesses fractional movement deficits
31
Finger-to-Nose Test
Patient is asked to touch the examiner’s finger then touch his or her own nose about 10 times rapidly Assesses ataxia
32
Perceptual deficits in sit to stand:
shifts toward weaker side, pushes away from midline, resist correction to midline
33
Hypokinesia in sit to stand
limited or slow preparatory movements, falls if support is moved, freezes during attempt
34
Lyle’s decision rule with action arm reach test:
a patient who achieves a “3” on the first (most difficult) item are credited with a 3 on the rest of the items on that scale. If they score less than a 3 they move to the second item (easiest) and if they score a 0 here then they receive a zero for all other parts of the scale max score of 37
35
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
Used to detect change in clients self-perception of occupational performance over time in the areas of self-care, productivity, and leisure
36
FIM scale
Used to assess functional mobility | Most used in inpatient rehab facilities
37
FIM scoring
Scores range from 18 (lowest) to 126 (highest) indicating level of function
38
FIM dimensions:
``` Eating Grooming Bathing Upper body dressing Lower body dressing Toileting Bladder management Bed to chair transfer Toilet transfer Shower transfer ```
39
Reintegration to Normal Living Index
Assessment that quantitatively measures the degree to which individuals achieve reintegration into normal social activities 11 declarative statements, 8 of which address “daily functioning” and 3 that represent “perception of self”
40
3 key questions to guide rehab prognosis and treatment
What is the likelihood for motor control changes? What is the likelihood of functional changes? What is the likelihood that a specific intervention is going to change the expected outcome?
41
Motor Learning
The acquisition, modification, or reacquisition of movement Occurs with repetition and sufficient stimulus Minimum of 6 weeks to achieve a true strengthening response in muscle tissue
42
Best way to promote functional recovery?
Multiple studies have shown that task-specific activities are the best way to promote functional recovery
43
Age-Related Changes for muscle Performance:
Decline of body protein reserves Diminished capacity to meet protein synthesis demands Loss of muscle mass with gains in fat mass Preferential atrophy of fast-twitch (type II) fibers
44
Muscle Protein Synthesis
Stimulated by feeding and resistance exercise Stimulated 40-100% over resting rate with exercise For improvements, synthesis must exceed muscle protein breakdown
45
Protein Requirements in Elderly
0.8 g/kg/day protein recommended for adults 1.0 to 1.3 g/kg/day recommended for elderly 20g to 30 g per meal
46
Frailty:
Weight loss: 10 pounds or more over year (unintentional) Self-reported exhaustion 3 or more days/week Grip strength lowest 20% (<23 pounds women, <32 pounds men) Walking speed lowest 20% (<0.8 m/s) Activity lowest 20% (<270 kcal/wk women, <383 kcal/wk men); sitting/lying most of day 3 of 5 meets clinical criteria for frailty
47
Frail Elderly Exercise Prescription
3x/week 3 sets of 8-12 reps Start 20% 1RM, progress to 80% of 1RM No adverse events/injuries reported
48
Program 1 Volume considerations:
1 RM = 50 pounds leg press 3 sets of 8, 3x/week, 10 pounds (20% 1 RM) Total volume = 720
49
Program 2 Volume Considerations
1 RM = 50 pounds leg press 3 sets of 8, 1x/week, 30 pounds (60% 1RM) Total volume = 720
50
Where to start frail elderly resistance training?
20% 1 RM