Chapter 1

Question 1

Sucessful Aging

Answer 1

Absence of disease
High cognitive and physical functioning
Active engagement with life

Question 2

Usual aging

Answer 2

Suboptimal

Chronic health problems

Question 3

Components of slippery slope

Answer 3

fun
function
fraility
failure

Question 4

Fun

Answer 4

unrestricted participation

Question 5

Function

Answer 5

continues most activities but may need modification, leisure (fun) is restricted

Question 6

Faility

Answer 6

the basics take up majority of time.

Question 7

Failure

Answer 7

no longer independent

Question 8

A four-step process to apply best evidence:

Answer 8

1. Asking a searchable clinical question
2. Searching the literature and locating evidence
3. Critically assessing the evidence
4. Determining the applicability of the evidence to a specific patient situation

Question 9

What is Aging?

Answer 9

A persistent decline in the age-specific fitness components of an organism due to internal physiological deterioration

Question 10

Homeostasis

Answer 10

Physiological processes that maintain a stable internal environment of the body
Ability to tolerate stressors varies by individual

Question 11

Cachexia

Answer 11

Excessive weight loss with muscle wasting, usually in setting of ongoing disease
Associated with increase in inflammatory cytokines

Question 12

Sarcopenia

Answer 12

Muscle wasting of old age

Responds to strength training

Question 13

What BMI is high risk for cachexia?

Answer 13

less than 23

Question 14

Estimated bone loss:

Answer 14

Bone loss around 0.5% to 1% per year starting age 30

2% per year for women immediately before and during menopause

Question 15

Age related changes in collagenous tissues:

Answer 15

loss of water from matrix
increase in number of collagen crosslinks
loss of elastic fibers

Question 16

Loss of Water from Matrix

Answer 16

Shrinkage of articular cartilage and vertebral discs (loss of height)
Decreased shock absorption
Reduced range of motion

Question 17

Increase in Number of Collagen Crosslinks

Answer 17

“Stiffer” tissues
Loss of end range of motion
More effort required to move

Question 18

Loss of Elastic Fibers

Answer 18

Sagging skin/organs

Less “give” to tendons

Question 19

Warm-ups prior to aerobic exercise highly recommended to accommodate for:

Answer 19

Slower arteriovenous exchange
Stiffer vascular tissues
Reduction in sympathetic nervous system output
Lower overall aerobic capacity

Question 20

Hormonal Axis

Answer 20

Loss of sex hormones associated with reduction in muscle strength
Insulin sensitivity may be reduced, “senile” diabetes

Question 21

These systems seem most amenable to PT management:

Answer 21

Skeletal Tissue (bone density)
Body composition (including lean muscle mass)
Collagenous tissues (range of motion and flexibility)
Nervous system strength loss
Systemic inflammation