Immunotherapeutics Flashcards
Describe the mechanism of action of NSAIDs
NSAIDs:
inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins through inhibiting COX enzymes
What are prostaglandins, what are they produced by and what metabolises them?
Lipid soluble molecules that are involved in inflammation.
They are made by arachidonic acid (component of cell membrane)
Metabolised by cyclooxygenase enzymes
Name 3 key prostaglandins and describe their actions
Prostacyclin (PGI 2) - involved in vascular permeability, vasodilation
Thromboxane A2 - involved in platelets aggregation and vasoconstriction
Prostaglandin PGE2 - causes inflammation
What are the side effects of NSAIDs
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Prostaglandins are necessary for protection of stomach from gastric acid. They stimulate epithelial cells to produce mucus and bicarbonate.
What are the two types of cyclooxyrgenase enzymes, describe them?
Cox 1 and cox 2
Cox 1: produce physiological level fo prostaglandins
Cox 2: normally present in low levels but is over expressed during inflammation
what are glucocorticoids? Where are they made?
A type of corticosteroids naturally produced in the adrenaline glands of the body
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids ?
GCs enter the cytoplasm.
They bind to GC receptor which is normally bound to an inhibitory molecule
GC and GC receptor complex ethers the nucleus
They interact with GC responsive elements
Gene transcription occurs and proteins are produced
What is the different between exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids?
Ex: used for treatment
En: normally produced by body
Describe the 2 actions that GCs can have as transcription factors
Stimulate transcription - over express Annexin 1, which reduces release of lipid mediators = anti-inflammatory effect
Inhibit transcription - inhibit production of cytokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes, adhesion molecules, growth factors
List the side effects of biological agents
Infections Fever Headaches Nausea Injections ite reaction Reactivation of TB
