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Introduction to Pharmacology > Immunopharmacology & Immunostimulants > Flashcards

Immunopharmacology & Immunostimulants Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunopharmacology?

A

part of pharmacology that deals with drug action on the immune system and the pharmacological actions of substances derived from the immune system

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2
Q

What is the immune system? What are 2 common ways can it dysfunction?

A

normally occurring protective mechanism that helps the body defend itself against potentially harmful agents (immunis = safe)

  1. may perceive normally harmless substances, like allergens and host body tissues, as harmful invaders and try to eliminate them (allergy, autoimmune disease)
  2. may be weak or become weak as a consequence of suppressive influences, like tumor microenvironments (cancer)
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3
Q

What are the main primary lymphoid organs? Secondary?

A

PRIMARY
- bone marrow: pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (B-cells)
- thymus: T-cell maturation

SECONDARY
- spleen: blood filter, iron
- lymph nodes: filter, storages, and activation for B and T cells

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4
Q

What 2 things make up the innate immune system?

A

NONSPECIFIC, FAST
1. physical barriers, first line of defense - skin, mucous membranes, saliva, urine, tears, stomach acids
2. inflammatory phagocytes/WBCs - neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, NK cells

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5
Q

What 2 responses are part of the adaptive immune system?

A

SPECIFIC, SLOW, MEMORY
1. cell-mediated: T-lymphocytes (suppressor, helper, and cytotoxic T-cells)
2. humoral: B-lymphocytes, antibodies

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6
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

A
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7
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

A
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8
Q

What are the 2 major characteristics of the adaptive immune response? How does cell-mediated and humoral immunity compare?

A

specificity and memory

CELL-MEDIATED = relies on contact between immune sells and the pathogen and is controlled by activated -cells

HUMORAL = antibody-mediated response relying on antibodies to relay signals between immune cells; controlled by activated B-cells

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9
Q

How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells compare?

A

HELPER = CD4+/TCR binds MHC II
- Th1 = IL-2, IFN–γ, TNF-α
- Th2 = IL-4, 5, 10, 13

CYTOTOXIC = CD8+/TCR binds MHCI

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10
Q

What are immunomodulators? What are the 2 types?

A

natural or synthetic substances that modulate or modify the immune system

  1. IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: enhance the body’s resistance against infections (vaccines, interferons)
  2. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS: suppress the immune system to reduce the risk of rejection of foreign bodies or super active immune system (organ transplants, autoimmune disease)
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11
Q

In what 5 situations is it appropriate to use immunomodulators?

A
  1. nonresponse or intolerance to antibiotics or corticosteroids
  2. steroid-dependent disease or frequent use of steroids
  3. perianal disease that does not respond to antibiotics
  4. bolster or optimize the effect of a biologic drug and prevent the development of resistance
  5. prevent recurrence after surgery
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of immunostimulants?

A
  1. SPECIFIC: stimulate immune response to specific antigenic types (vaccines)
  2. NON-SPECIFIC: no antigenic specificity and are widely used in chronic infections, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and neoplastic disease
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13
Q

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous immunostimulants?

A

ENDOGENOUS = naturally produced by cells affected by antigens, like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferons, and interleukins

EXOGENOUS = synthetic drugs derived from bacteria, plants, anthelmintics, and viruses

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14
Q

What does granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) do? What are the 5 major uses?

A

induces bone marrow production of neutrophils

  1. bacterial and viral infections (canine ehrlichiosis, FeLV, FIV)
  2. chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression (lymphoma)
  3. neoplasia of the bone marrow
  4. bone marrow immune-mediated aplasia
  5. immune-mediated neutropenia in dogs
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15
Q

What are interferons? What are the 3 classes?

A

cytokines produced by host cells that are infected with viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and other pathogens that activate other cells in the immune system and destroy pathogens

IFNα - WBC (viruses)
IFNβ - fibroblasts (multiple sclerosis)
IFNγ - lymphocytes (chronic disease)

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16
Q

What 2 interferons are used as endogenous immunostimulants? What do they do? What 5 infections are they used to treat?

A
  1. recombinant human IFN-α (not for long term use)
  2. recombinant feline IFN-ω

enhance antiviral activity

  • FeLV
  • FIV
  • FIP
  • herpesvirus (ω)
  • calicivirus (ω)
17
Q

What interleukin is used as an endogenous immunostimulant? How does it work? When is it used?

A

recombinant IL-2

enhances antitumor immune response by activating peripheral immune/inflammatory cells

canine neoplasia

18
Q

What 3 adverse effects are common with the use of interleukins are immunostimulants? What major problem should be monitored?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy

it is a human recombinant protein, so the immune system may perceive it as a pathogen and produce antibodies against it, which lowers its efficacy

19
Q

What 2 drugs use Propionibacterium acnes bacterin?

A
  1. ImmunoRegulin
  2. EqStim
20
Q

What is the mechanism of action P. acnes bacterin?

A

non-specific bacterin that stimulates NK cell activity and activates macrophages to produce IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα to stimulate T-lymphocyte function

21
Q

What are 3 uses for P. acnes bacterins?

A
  1. acute and chronic canine staphylococcal pyoderma
  2. feline rhinotracheitis infection and FeLV
  3. bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections in horses
22
Q

What 2 drugs use Staphylococcal aureus bacterins? What is the mechanism of action?

A
  1. Staphage lysate (SPL)
  2. S. aureus bacterin toxoid (Staphoid AB)

activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T-lymphocytes

23
Q

When are Staphage lysate (SPL) and Staphoid AB used?

A

SPL = adjunct therapy in dogs with recurrent superficial pyoderma and related staphylococcal hypersensitivity

SAB = prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in cows

24
Q

What 4 drugs use Mycobacteria cell wall extracts as immunostimulants? What are their 3 mechanisms of action?

A
  1. Equimune
  2. Muramyl tripeptide (MTP) - Mifamurtide
  3. Regressin-V
  4. Immunocidin

causes the release of IL-1 from macrophages, TLR-mediated effects on macrophages and DC, and activated NK-cell cytotoxicity

25
Q

What are the uses of Equimune, Muramyl tripeptide (MTP), Regressin, and Immunocidin?

A

(mycobacterial cell wall extracts)
E = equine viral and bacterial respiratory infections

M = adjunct treatment for canine osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and malignant melanoma

R = mammary adenocarcinomas in dogs

I = cancer and infectious diarrhea in calves

26
Q

What plant derivative works as an immunostimulant? What are 4 mechanisms of action?

A

Acemannan extracted from aloe vera leaves

  1. stimulates macrophages to produce IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and NO
  2. enhances NK cell and T-lymphocyte activity
  3. antiviral
  4. antineoplastic
27
Q

What are the main 2 uses of Acemannan? What are some adverse effects?

A
  1. treat fibrosarcoma in cats and dogs
  2. boost immune system in FeLV and FIV

anorexia, diarrhea, depression, tachycardia, collapse, pain at injection site

28
Q

What anthelmintic can be used as an immunostimulant? What is thought to be its mechanism of action?

A

Levamisole - synthetic antinematodal

enhances phagocytosis by monocytes and restores cell-mediated immunity

29
Q

What are the 5 uses of Levamisole?

A
  1. vaccine adjuvant to stimulate non-specific responses
  2. canine microbial, fungal, and neoplastic diseases
  3. canine chronic pyoderma
  4. feline plasma-cell gingivitis/pharyngitis
  5. boosts pregnant mares IgG production
30
Q

How does Levamisole compare to other immunostimulants?

A

lower margin of safety
- neurotoxicity
- GI disturbance
- pulmonary edema
- mydriasis and hypersalivation in cats

31
Q

What virus derivative can be used as an immunostimulant? What drug uses this?

A

Parapoxvirus ovis

Zylexis

32
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of action of Zylexis?

A
  1. stimulates NK cell activity and phagocytosis
  2. causes the release of IL-2, TNFα, and G-CSF
  3. Th1-type response - IL-12, IL-18
  4. Th2-types response - IL-4, IL-10
33
Q

In what 2 instances is Zylexis used?

A
  1. prevention of stress-associated infection in horses
  2. herpesvirus EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections

Introduction to Pharmacology (39 decks)

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