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Introduction to Pharmacology > Drugs Acting on the CNS > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 of the diverse and pharmacological effects of drugs acting on the CNS?

A
  1. pain relief
  2. induction of anesthesia
  3. prevention of epileptic seizures
  4. depression treatment
  5. reduce anxiety
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2
Q

What special importance do drugs working on the CNS have for humans?

A

recreational use —> addiction/abuse
- alcohol
- teas and coffee
- nicotine
- cannabis
- ecstasy
- opioids
- cocain
- amphetamines

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3
Q

How do drugs acting on the CNS affect the brain?

A

affects the use and output of neurotransmitters
- speed up production
- slow down production
- mimic neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What are the 6 major classifications of CNS drugs?

A
  1. analgesics - narcotics (pain relievers) and non-narcotics (acetaminophen, NSAIDs)
  2. anticonvulsants
  3. CNS stimulants
  4. tranquilizers
  5. muscle relaxants
  6. anesthetics
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5
Q

What makes up the CNS? PNS?

A

brain, spinal cord

nerves

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6
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent systems in the PNS?

A

AFFERENT: sensory system that conveys information from PNS receptors to the CNS

EFFERENT: motor system that conveys information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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7
Q

What is the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A

(PNS)
SOMATIC: conveys information from CNS to skeletal muscle

AUTONOMIC: converys information from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- enteric NS, sympathetic NS, parasympathetic NS

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8
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

(part of the autonomic NS - counteracts each other)
SYMPATHETIC: fight or flight, allows body to function under stress
- increased HR, adrenalin rush

PARASYMPATHETIC: rest and digest, feed or breed
- decreased HR

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9
Q

How does a dog’s brain compare to a human’s?

A

very similar - smaller, less surface area (less folds)

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10
Q

What is a nerve? What are the 4 major types?

A

clusters of nervous tissue (neurons) and blood vessels

  1. EFFERENT: conduct signals from the CNS along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands
  2. AFFERENT: carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the CNS
  3. MIXED: contain both afferent and efferent axons and can conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands
  4. SPINAL: mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
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11
Q

What 2 cells are found in the CNS?

A
  1. neurons - specialized nerve cells that can recieve and transmit chemical and electrical signals
  2. glial cells/neuroglia - supportive functions
    - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells
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12
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

provide myelin for many axons in the CNS

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13
Q

What are the major structures of a neuron?

A
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14
Q

Where do 2 neurons communicate?

A

synapse composing of presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic neuron (+ receptors) acting as a junction that allow signals to pass

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15
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

orchestrated chemical (neurotransmitter release) and electrical (altering neuronal membrane potential) actions

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16
Q

What are action potentials? Neurotransmitters? Receptors?

A

AP: electrical signals carried along neurons that pass an impulse along the neuron membrane (starts the process)

NT: chemical signaling molecule released from presynaptic neurons so they can “talk” to and affect another cell (neuron, gland, muscle)

R: present on postsynaptic neuron that allows it to “hear” the message

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of neural synapses?

A
  1. chemical: ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channels), metabotropic receptors (G-protein coupled receptors)
  2. electrical: gap junction proteins
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18
Q

What are the 2 major characteristics of action potentials?

A
  1. all-or-nothing (on-off switches)
  2. one-directional (from the body to axon terminal)
19
Q

What makes electrical signals happen? What is membrane potential?

A

polarity change across plasma membrane

difference in charge between inside and outside of the cell

20
Q

How does the charge inside and outside the cell differ during resting potential? Action potential?

A

RESTING POTENTIAL: - inside, + outside; channels CLOSED

ACTION POTENTIAL: + inside, - outside; channels OPEN

21
Q

What are the different configurations of voltage-gated ion channels?

A
22
Q

When do changes in polarization of the neuron occur? What are the 2 possible potentials?

A

when ion channels in the membrane open or close, altering the ability of particular types of ions to enter or exit the neuron

  1. DEPOLARIZATION: positive potential; opening of channels that let Na+ rush into a neuron and allows it to send electrical signals
  2. HYPERPOLARIZATION: negative potential; opening of channels that let negative ions frow in to prevent the neuron from receiving another stimulus
23
Q

Chemical vs electrical synapses:

A
24
Q

What are the 5 steps of neuron communication?

A
  1. action potential arrives at axon terminal
  2. when the presynaptic membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca++ channels allow Ca++ to enter
  3. Ca++ entry causes synaptic vesicle to fuse with the membrane and release NT molecules into the synaptic cleft
  4. NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic cleft, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
  5. reuptake by the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic digestion, and diffusion reduced NT levels, terminating the signal
25
Q

What are the 5 types of NTs?

A
  1. AMINO ACIDS: glycine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA (CNS)
  2. BIOGENIC AMINES: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (CNS and PNS)
  3. NEUROMUSCULAR: acetylcholine (CNS and PNS)
  4. PURINERGIC: adenosine, ATP (CNS and PNS)
  5. NEUROPEPTIDE: substance P, endorphins (CNS and PNS)
26
Q

Biogenic anime NTs are related to amino acids. What amino acids can they be turned into?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine —> tyrosine
serotonin —> tryptophan
histamine —> histidine

27
Q

What nucleotide do purinergic NTs contain?

A

purine —> adenine

28
Q

What is the general structure of neuropeptides? What do substance P, neuropeptide Y, and endorphins/enkephalins do?

A

3 or more amino acids (larger than other NTs)

SUB P: carried pain signals and stimulated volume
NP Y: stimulates eating
E/E: inhibit pain

29
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

androgens and estrogens

30
Q

What are the major actions of dopamine and serotonin? What diseases/disorders are linked with them?

A

DOPAMINE: important in addiction and pleasure-seeking, overeating, movement, attention, learning; LOW IN PARKINSON’S

SEROTONIN: sleep, appetite, temperature regulation, mood, anxiety, pain, memory, aggression, perception; LINKED TO DEPRESSION

31
Q

What are the major actions of acetylcholine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)? What diseases/disorders are linked with them?

A

ACH: muscle and heart contractions, blockage causes paralysis; LOW IN ALZHEIMER’S

NE: involved in body’s emergency response and behavioral processes, released during stress and excitement to help the brain work faster, lift moods, and increase alertness

32
Q

What are the major functions of GABA and glycine? What happend when their release is disrupted? What do alcohol and valium do?

A

inhibitors that keeps neural communication under control

seizure, epilepsy

bosts GABA action —> calming

33
Q

What are the major actions of glutamate and histamine?

A

GLUTAMATE: major excitatory NT of the CNS, used for normal brain function, learning and memory, anxiety, PtS, OCD, mania, depression, psychosis, schizophrenia

HISTAMINE: arousal, attention, feeding behavior, memory

34
Q

What are the major actions of substance P and orexin?

A

SUB P: reproduction, social behaviors, appetite, arousal, pain, reward, learning, memory

OREXIN: energy homeostasis, LACKING DURING NARCOLEPSY AND DISRUPTED SLEEP-WAKE PATTERNS

35
Q

What are 2 actions of the NT-receptor complex?

A
  1. directly regulates the membrane potential by altering permeability of the cell membrane through opening or closing specific ion channels
  2. initiate a sequence of chemical reactions that alter ion transport across the membrane using specific intracellular signal molecules, secondary messengers
36
Q

What are receptors the site of action for? What is the point of the second messenger system?

A

exogenous drugs (usually G protein-coupled receptors)

sustains and amplifies the cellular response to drug-receptor binding

37
Q

What are the 2 potentials of the NT-receptor complex?

A
  1. excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - depolarizes, leading to action potentials
  2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - hyperpolarizes, leading to resing potential
38
Q

What are the main 3 examples of NT and their potentials?

A
  1. GLUTAMATE is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS
  2. GABA is the main inhibitory transmitter in the adult vertebrate brain
  3. GLYCINE is the main inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord
39
Q

What is the effect of a NT dependent on? What are the excitatory, inhibitory, and mixed transmitters?

A

which of its receptor(s) are present on the postsynaptic (target) cell

EXCITATORY: glutamate, aspartate
INHIBITORY: GABA, glycine
MIXED: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

40
Q

How do ligand-gated receptors compare to G protein-coupled receptors? What NT is specific to GPCR?

A

LIGAND: quick physiological responses
GPCR: indirect channel opening/closing and second messenger pathway = complex; slower physiological responses

substance P

41
Q

Acetylcholine is a mixed transmitter. In what receptors is it excitatory and inhibitory?

A

E: nicotinic receptors; skeletal muscle
I: muscarinic receptors; heart muscle

42
Q

What are unconventional NTs?

A

gastrotransmitters (nitric oxide and CO) that require no receptor

43
Q

What receptors are the main targets of existing drugs? What do these receptors do?

A

GCPRs

detect molecules outside of cells and activate cellular responses to regulate sensory (taste, light, smell) and non-sensory (neurological, endocrine)

Introduction to Pharmacology (39 decks)

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