Immunopharmacology Flashcards
What does our body produce in an emergency?
(plasma levels go up)
A. Insulin B. Growth hormone C. Epinephrine D. Cortisol E. Epinephrine & Cortisol F. IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
E. Epinephrine & Cortisol
Why does Diphenhydramine (benadryl) causes sedation and Fexofenadine not? (both are antihistamines)
- Diphenhydramine enters the CNS
- histamine in CNS controls alertness and keep s us awake
How do steroids inhibit phospholipase A2?
- they increase lipocortin synthesis
- lipocortin inhibits phospholipase A2
Which one of these anti-asthma drugs
work ONLY prophylactically?
A. Albuterol (beta 2 agonist) B. Cromolyn sodium C. Ipratropium (muscarinic blocker) D. Montelukast (Leukotriene antagonist) E. Theophylline
B. Cromolyn sodium
Which one of these drugs is a non-sedating anti-histamine?
A. Fexofenadine (Allegra) B. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) C. Chlopromazime (Phenergan) D. Metoclopramide (Reglan) E. Scopolamine (Hyoscine) F. Loratadine (Claritin)
A. Fexofenadine (Allegra)
&
F. Loratadine (Claritin)
What is the treatment for Bell’s Palsy?
- oral prednisone
* palsy usually due to viral infection causing inflammation
What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis?
-steroids
Sirolimus (also known as Rapamycin) works:
A. By inhibiting mTOR & arresting late phase of T cell activation
B. Inhibits calcineurin by binding to Cyclophilin
C. Inhibits calcineurin by binding to FKBP
D. Inhibits calcium entry into T cells
E. Inhibits dephosphorylation of transcription factor NFATc
A. By inhibiting mTOR & arresting late phase of T cell activation
Which one of the following drugs is most likely to
be specific against B lymphocytes?
A. Sirolimus B. Tacrolimus C. Cyclosporine D. Etanercept (Enbrel) E. Anti-CD19/20 MABs F. Prednisone
E. Anti-CD19/20 MABs
Anti-inflammatory steroids, like prednisone, are very commonly
prescribed to suppress inflammation.
The mechanism by which Prednisone works is:
A. Activation of Phospholipase A2 by binding to lipocortin
B. Inhibition of lipoxygenase by binding to lipocortin
C. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 by binding to lipocortin
D. By increasing the levels of arachidonic acid
E. By decreasing synthesis of IF-kB protein
C. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 by binding to lipocortin
What receptors do antihistamines work on in mast cells and what do they do?
- H2
- prevents degranulation
What is Diphenhydramine?
- Benadryl
- Antihistamine
- affects CNS = drowsiness
What is promethazine?
- Phenergan
- antihistamine
- used more as an anti-emetic
What are the two first generation antihistamines?
- diphenhydramine (benadryl)
- promethazine (phenergan)
What are the two second generation antihistamines?
- Fexofenadine (allegra)
- Loratadine (claritin)
What is fexofenadine?
- allegra
- antihistamine
- low CNS penetration, less sedating
What is loratadine?
- Claritin
- Antihistamine
- Low CNS penetration, less sedating
What is zileuton?
- lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor
- inhibits leukotriene synthesis
WHat is Montelukast?
- Blocks leukotriene receptors
- used to treat allergies
What is cromolyn sodium?
- stabilizes mast cell membrane
- inhibits mast cell degranulation
What is chloroquine?
- anti-malarial drug
- treats HA & lupus
What is Aathioprine?
- purine structural analog
- decreases purine levels
- inhibits rapidly dividing cells
What is Mycophenolate?
- inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
- lowers GTP & dGTP levels
- inhibits rapidly dividing cells
What is Leflunomide?
- Inhibits pyrimidine biosynthesis
- inhibits rapidly dividing cells
What is Cyclophosphamide?
- used in autoimmune diseases with unwanted B cell responses as well as cancer
- blocks DNA replication & induces cell death by apoptosis
- Highly toxic
Mycophenolate mechanism of action is:
A. Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, lowers purine levels
B. Gets incorporated into nucleic acids
C. Lowers pyrimidine nucleotide levels
D. Inhibits IMP dehydogenase, lowers dGTP levels
D. Inhibits IMP dehydogenase, lowers dGTP levels
What does Calcineurin do?
- dephosphorylates inactive NFATc which activates it
- NFATc then signals the nucleus of the T cell
What is another name for Rapamycin?
-Sirolimus
How does Cyclosporine inhibit calcineurin?
-binds cyclophilin
How does Tacrolimus inhibit calcineurin?
-Binds FKBP
What does Adalimumab do?
- Humira
- fully human monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha
- downregulates immune system
What does Etanercept do?
- Enbrel
- recombinant fully human soluble TNF-alpha receptor
- Binds to circulating and membrane-bound TNF and prevents binding & activation by other pro-inflammatory cytokines
