Antimicrobial Flashcards
What does Enfuvirtide do?
blocks CD4 binding to HIV gp120/41
Which one of the following is a DNA virus?
A. Hepatitis B B. Hepatitis C C. Influenza D. SARS E. Ebola F. Papilloma (HPV) G. Rabies H. Polio
A. Hepatitis B
F. HPV
Which one of the following is an RNA virus?
A. Hepatitis B B. Hepatitis C C. Papilloma (HPV) D. Herpes E. Pox E. Polyoma
B. Hep C
All viruses have their ‘favorite’ host cells, termed tropism. What is the basis for viral tropism? Human hepatitis virus infects only humans and that too only infects hepatocytes and not other human cells?
A. Viral genome having complementarity with liver DNA
B. Capsid proteins binding to hepatocyte cell surface
C. Viral envelope proteins binding to hepatocyte cell surface proteins
D. Viral cell membrane fusing with hepatocyte cell surface
E. Viruses prefer liver because it gets blood from portal vein
C. Viral envelope proteins binding to hepatocyte cell surface proteins
How does Tamiflu work?
-inhibits the budding and release of viruses from infected cells
What kind of drugs are used in combination therapy for HIV infection?
-2 Reverse transcription inhibitors
+
-Protease inhibitor, RT inhibitor, Integrase inhibitor
How long should Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV be administered?
4 weeks
There are several approved prophylactic treatments for influenza. How does amantadine work as a prophylactic anti-Flu drug?
A. By inhibiting viral RNA polymerase
B. Inhibits acidification of endosome / uncoating of the virus
C. Inhibits neuraminidase / budding and release of virus
D. Prevents entry into host cells; inhibits infection of new cells
E. Induces synthesis of interferons and also boosts host immune system
B. Inhibits acidification of endosome / uncoating of the virus
How does Vancomycin work?
-inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Gram positive MRSA bugs
How do Penicillins work?
-inhibits cell wall synthesis
What is Isoniazid (INH) used for?
- treats mycobacterium infections (TB)
- inhibits Mycolic acid synthesis
- used in prophylactic use
What is Bactrim?
-combo cocktail of Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim
What kind of antibiotics are Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim?
Anti-metabolites against bacteria
How do antibiotics that begin with Cef** work?
-inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Peptidoglycans are abundant in Gram ____ bacteria
Positive
What is unique to gram negative cell walls?
A. Peptidoglycan in abundance
B. Teichoic acid
C. Flagellum
D. Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)
E. Arachidonic acid
D. Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)
What is unique to gram positive bacteria?
A. Peptidoglycan in abundance B. Teichoic acid C. Flagellum D. Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin) E. Arachidonic acid F. Ergosterol
A. Peptidoglycan in abundance
as well as B
What is beta-lactam?
- unstable 4 carbon ring in penicillins
- binds and inactivates transpeptidase, required for cell wall synthesis
Penicillins are most effective against Gram _____ bacteria because they ___________.
- Positive
- they have a thick cell wall
Which one of the following drugs inhibit Gyrase / DNA synthesis?
A. Streptomycin B. Tetracycline C. Azithromycin D. Moxifloxacin E. Erythromycin F. Linezolid G. Clindamycin
D. Moxifloxacin
Which one of the following drugs work by inhibiting
cell wall synthesis?
A. Vancomycin B. Streptomycin C. Cipro D. Clindamycin E. Trimethoprim F. Penicillins G. Cephalosporins
A. Vancomycin
F. Penicillins
G. Cephalosporins
Which one of the following drugs works by inhibiting
Bacterial protein synthesis?
A. Vancomycin B. Streptomycin C. Ciprofloxacin D. Penicillins E. Cephalosporins F. Tetracycline G. Azithromycin
B. Streptomycin
F. Tetracycline
G. Azithromycin
What is Tropism?
- the way in which viruses find the right cell to invade
- recognition between viral cell proteins and victim cell proteins
How does Amantadine work?
-inhibits viral uncoating
**many viruses require uncoating to infect a cell
How do Interferons work against viruses?
-interfere with the ability of viruses to infect and replicate
Gram + vs - coverage by cephalosporins from first to fourth generation:
First –> Fourth
Gram + –> Gram -
Which of the following inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?
A. Tetracycline, Streptomycin
B. Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin
C. Sulfonamide, Trimethoprim
D. Ciprofloxacin
E. Rifampin
A. Tetracycline, Streptomycin
Why is Augmentin better than amoxicillinalone?
-augmentin has Clavulanic acid in it, which inibits penicilinase (beta-lactamase)
How do bacteria become resistant to drugs?
A. Degrade the drug (like beta-lactamases)
B. Alter drug-binding sites by mutations
C. Exchange drug resistance genes (via plasmids)
D. Pump out the drug (increased efflux)
E. Alter cell membrane to decrease entry of drugs
F. All of the above
F. All of the above
Which one of these anti-fungal medications work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol?
A. Ketoconazole B. Caspofungin C. Amphotericin D. Atorvastatin E. Tetracycline
A. Ketoconazole
**azole class of drugs inhibit ergosterol symthesis.
Vancomycin is:
A. Teeth discoloration, Phototoxicity (avoid in children)
B. A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat MRSA bugs
C. Can cause anaphylaxis (life-threatening)
D. Antibiotics of last resort / expensive
B. A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat MRSA bugs
What are the three targets of antifungals?
- Ergosterol (**azole)
- Glucan
- Chitin
What is Chloroquine?
Treatment for malaria
What is Mebendazole?
-treatment for worms
What is the optimal therapy for a UTI?
Ciprofloxacin
