Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLSCI 475 > Immunoparasitology > Flashcards

Immunoparasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

females lay eggs in water
fleas take them up
when humans get infected (EATS THEM) = very long
need a steady hand to remove them, otherwise if breaks = parasitic GI antigens come out = anaphylactic shock

  • wrap worm around stick (SLOWLY) = prevents form pulling back into lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Guinea worm

A

common name for D. medinensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

this worm has a larval stage that penetrates skin while people are drinking from straws

A

Schistosomaisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

25 human cases of D. medensis in 2016… where?

A

South Sudan
Chad
Ethiopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what diseases have we eradicated?

A

Smallpox
Rinderpest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ability for health professionals to develop vaccines for parasites is very poor

A

T
public intervention + drugs = main mechanism for controling parasitic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alberta protozoan parasites

A

Cryptosporidium
Giardia

Toxoplasma

Amoebiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

worms/helminths in Alberta

A

Enterobius
Tapeworms (Hymenolepis, Taenia, Diphullobothrium)
roundworms = Toxoascaris, Trichenella
diet or human to human transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F. One factor that makes it hard to diagnose parasitic infections is there ability to move around the body

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lives on the outer surface of host

A

ectoparasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

obligate parasites

A

completely dependent on host during part or all of its life cycle (Plasmodium sp.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

facultative parasite

A

exhibits both parasitic and free living stages as a result, it does not completely depend on host for survival (N. fowleri)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

accidental parasit

A

infects an unnatural host and survives
(Hymenolepis diminuta = rat tapeworm in humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

erratic parasite

A

migrates improperly and ends up im host tissues where not usually found
(Trichinella = pork)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

direct parasite impacts on host

A
  • mechanical injury to host = migration, growth blockage
  • production of toxic substances = waste products, immunologic distraction
  • nutrient deprivation = competition for iron, energy, water, etc.
  • anemia = consumption or destruction of red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

indirect parasite impacts on the host

A
  • inflammation = resulting form parasite presence or releasd molecules
  • encapsulation = granuloma formation
  • reduced cognitive capability = stemming from ALL of the above
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

infection prevalence tends to _______ with age

A

reduce
- immunolgocial memory?
- but no effective vaccines yet :(
- not always the case for every parasite

18
Q

T or F. In many cases the immune response is effective at completely clearing parasitic infections

A

F! not absolutely effective

19
Q

direct damage cause by parasites is usually ________, damage caused by response to parasites is usually ____________

A

parasite = minimal
immune system = significant

20
Q

3 different stages of immune response to parasites

A

initial exposure
establishment of infection
chonic infection

21
Q

initial exposure stage of parasites

A
  • usually larval stage of parasites = must arrive safely before infection can begin
  • complement important! (parasite = molecules on surface that can activate alternative pathway)
  • previous exposure = circulating Abs
  • migration of parasites = encounter immune cells
22
Q

establishment of infection stage parasitic infection

A
  • parasites must implement any immunomodulatory programs it has, but continue to avoid detection
  • depending on location in host the parasite may encounter various immune effectors
    > tissue: cellular defense, inflammation
    > blood: cellular defense, antibody, circulating defense molecules, complement
    > gastrointestinal: IgA, antimicrobial peptides, physical environment
23
Q

chronic infection of parasites

A

usually immune evasion is working
immune response not capable of completely killing it

24
Q

early immune cells to parasitic infections

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

25
Q

neutrophils mechanism for parasites

A
  • reactive nitrogen/oxygen production
  • granules with cytotoxic proteins
    > primary: myeloperoxidase, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, defensins, elastase
    > secondary: alk phosphatase, lysozyme, collagenases
    > tertiary
26
Q

eosinophils mechanism for parasitic infections

A
  • worm infections (parasites too large for phagocytosis)
  • degranulate when Fc receptors recognize IgE = enhanced by TNF-a
  • act in concert with mast cells due to IgE detection
27
Q

these hav basal defense capacity that can be engaged before any cytokine production or antibpdy response is generated

A

tissue macs, monos, granulocytes

28
Q

what kinds of parasites can phagocytic cells remove?

A

protozoans and small multicellular parasites

29
Q

phagocytosis is helpful in causing this which regulates subsequent immune responses

A

inflammation and cytokine production

30
Q

this parasite hijacks phagolysosome components by living in them and preventing phagolysosome formation

A

Leishmania
- prevents infusion of ROS/RNS into phagolysosome

31
Q

how can phagocytic cells engulf targets many times their size?

A

recruitment of membrane from the ER and cytoplasmic vesicles

32
Q

internalizing parasites are important for two reasons

A

cytokin production & coordination with adaptive immune response

33
Q

parasitic cytokines

A

TNFa
IL-1
IL-6
IFNy

34
Q

besides professional APCs, what other cells can help with parasitic antigen presentation ?

A

mast cells
eosinophils
basophils
ILC3s

35
Q

half-life of IgE

A

2.5 days
(IgG = 23 days)

36
Q

least common serum antibody

A

IgE

37
Q

IgE has a high affinity for the FcE receptors in these cells

A

mast cells
basos
eos

38
Q

T or F. IgE binds complement

A

F! it does not!!!

39
Q

main function of IgE

A

immunity to helminth parasites = S. mansoni, T. spiralis, F. hepatica
- also plays a role in protozoans like Plasmodium

Ig isotype associated with allergy and hypersensitivity = anaphylaxis when parasite infection go awry

40
Q

mast cells

A

critical for proper defense against helminths

two forms = tissue and mucosal

degranulation = allergic responses; can result in anaphylaxis if primed by high IgE levels specific to antigen

41
Q

when triggered, mast cells degranulate, producing…

A

serine proteases
histamine
serotonin
anticoags = heparin
- platelet activating factor
- cytokines
- eosinophil chemotactic factor

= cause extensive swelling, vasodilation, inflammation, pain or itching

42
Q

ADCC

A

IgE- independent

  • innate effector cells (eos, NK, neuts) recognize antigen-bound Abs on surface of parasite
  • recognition of Fc portion of an Ab by a cell-surface Fc receptor to IgG or IgE
    = cytokines (IFN-y, cytotoxic granules = perofrin, granzymes) promotes apoptosis in target cell
  • important for larger helminths too large for phagocytosis

MLSCI 475 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions