Immunology week 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the specific effect that TLR have on MHC molecules
A
TLR are a sensing system. APCs use them to detect pathogens and initiate immune
responses by 1. Production of cytokines that activate the APCs themselves, hence the
increase in expression of MHC molecules, 2. Production of chemokines and recruitment
of other immune cells to sites of infection, 3. Increased uptake of pathogens for antigen
processing and presentation.
2
Q
Are superantigens T dependent AG?
A
Superantigens are not T-dependent. They interact directly with T cells. Their direct
interaction with B cells (a different mechanism) does not lead to antibody production,
instead leads to B cell apoptosis. I do not teach superantigen effect on B cells, as it is not
very clear what the mechanism is, and moreover it is limited to certain Staphylococcal
antigens, and does not elicit a protective mechanism but rather an immune evasion of
Staphylococcal pathogens such as S. aureus.
3
Q
The first part is a duplicate of wk 5
specifically
AG processing &
Presentation see wk 5 cards 2-44
A
4
Q
Cytokines,
Chemokines,
receptors
Immune response is only possible when ?
Interxn is coordinated by?
A
Immune response is only possible when interxn between hematopoietic,
lymphoid, & inflammatory cells is possible
○ Interxn is coordinated by cytokines
5
Q
Definitions:
cytokines=
A
cytokines= low molecular weight proteins or glycoproteins mainly
produced by lymphocytes and other cells in the body
6
Q
Definitions:
chemokines=
A
chemokines= recruit and activate leukocytes
7
Q
Definitions:
chemotaxis=
A
chemotaxis= phenomenon in which cells move from an area of low chem
signal to an area of high chem signal
8
Q
Properties of cytokines
They bind to their receptors on target cells with ?
A
They bind to their receptors on target cells with high affinity
9
Q
Properties of cytokines
what is Autocrine?
A
Autocrine- cytokines can bind to a receptor located on the same cell
10
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Paracrine?
A
Paracrine- cytokines can bind to a receptor found on a neighboring cell
11
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Endocrine?
A
Endocrine- cytokine can bind to a receptor found on a distant target cell
12
Q
Properties of cytokines
what is: Pleiotropic action-
A
Pleiotropic action- one cytokine can have different biological effects on
target cells
13
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Redundant action?
A
Redundant action- 2+ cytokines exert the same effect on the same cell
14
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Synergistic action?
A
Synergistic action-effect of 2+ cytokines is greater than the additive
effect of individual cytokines
15
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Antagonistic action?
A
Antagonistic action-action of 1 cytokine inhibits the effects of another
cytokine
16
Q
Properties of cytokines
What is Cascade action?
A
Cascade action- action of a cytokine leads to the induction of 1 or more
cytokines which activate others (domino effect)
17
Q
Properties of cytokines
can they act in a specific or nonspecific manner?
A
They can act in a nonspecific manner
18
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
Growth factors- ?
how expressed?
A
Growth factors- expressed constitutively
19
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
Hormones and cytokines are expressed in response to ?
A
Hormones and cytokines are expressed in response to discrete stimuli
20
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
are cytokines short or long lived?
A
Cytokines- short- lived
21
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
Hormones- are they endocrine, autocrine, paracrine?
cytokines-are they endocrine, autocrine, paracrine?
A
Hormones- endocrine manner
cytokines-endocrine, autocrine, paracrine
22
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
Hormones- produced by what?
A
Hormones- produced by special glands
23
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
All 3=secreted factors but they have different expression
Cytokines- produced by what?
A
Cytokines- produced by many different cells
24
Q
Cytokines, hormones, growth factors
Functions of cytokines:
(5)
A
Functions of cytokines
○ Cellular and humoral immunity
○ Inflammatory response
○ Hematopoiesis- what is this?
○ Reg. of intensity and duration of IR
○ Wound healing
25
Fun. of cytokines cont- if he gives ex I would know them :)
*This is a graph, you will need to look at the graph on p. 22
26
Cytokines and receptors
what are they? examples?
(4)
Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
Class I cytokine receptors- hematopoietin
Class II cytokine receptors- interferon
TNF receptors
27
Cytokines and receptors
At least 1 subunit is required for
? and a second
subunit is required for
?
**At least 1 subunit is required for cytokine binding and a second
subunit is required for signal transducti**on
28
Cytokines and receptors
Cytokines with a 2nd signalling subunit- usually have ?
**Cytokines with a 2nd signalling subunit- usually have low affinity**
29
Cytokines and receptors
what happens after binding the signaling subunits?
But after binding the signaling subunits form a high affinity receptor
There is a graph on slide 23
30
Class 1 receptors-Hematopoietin
Some form subfamilies- what about the signaling subunit and the cytokine subunit?
Some form subfamilies- ID signaling subunit but different cytokine
subunit
31
Class 1 receptors-Hematopoietin
IL2 common y subunit-
what is the defect associated with?
hint 2 doggies?
IL2 common y subunit- defect is associated with X- linked severe
combined immunodeficiency (SCID) on basset and corgis
graphic p. 23
32
IL2- a,b,y subunits
have 3 chains what is the most common?
Y
33
IL2- a,b,y subunits
found in 3 forms
what are they and what is their affinity for IL-2?
Monomeric IL-2Ra
low affinity
Dimeric IL-2RBy
intermediate affinity
Trimeric IL-2RaBy
High affinity
***There are a bunch of handwritten notes on this slide p. 25. I don't understand them. so look at them.**
34
Common signalling subunit & redundancy/ anatogism
IL3,Il5, GM-CSF=act ? of each other?
IL3,Il5, GM-CSF= act redundantly of each other
35
Common signalling subunit & redundancy/ anatogism
IL3,Il5, GM-CSF= act redundantly of each other
what is the relevence of:
Hematopoietic cells
monocytes
megakaryocytes
neutrophils
basophils
IL3,Il5, GM-CSF= act redundantly of each other
○ Hematopoietic cells
○ Activate monocytes
○ Induce differentiation of megakaryocytes
○ Induce prolif of neutrophils
○ Degranulation of basophils to release histamine
36
Common signalling subunit & redundancy/ anatogism
what does possession of a common signalling subunit allow?
what can it lead to ?
**Possession of a common signalling subunit allows elicitation of an ID
signal by all involved cytokines
Can lead to antagonism b/c creates competition for the subunit
37
chemokines
what are they?
what do they regulate?
where are they produced?
what makes them inflammatory?
NB in ?
● Small polypeptides
● Regulate the adhesion process,
chemotaxis, activation of leukocytes
○ NB for reg. Of leukocyte migration
during homeostasis and inflammation
● Produced in peripheral lymphoid
tissues, bone marrow, etc
● Inflammatory chemokines- induced by
TNF-a
● NB in wound healing, dev. Of BV, brain,
& heart tissue
38
chemokines
Regulation of leukocyte migration
fill in the blank:
Increase of chemokine receptors on ? and ? --->
adhere to the ? --->
after migration they follow ? to the site of ?
● Increase of chemokine receptors on
**leukocytes and endothelium**
● They then adhere to the **endo**
● After migration they follow **the
chemokine gradient to the site of
inflammation**
39
Structural organization of chemokines & their receptors
4 conserved cysteines and they are
divided into subgroups based on the
location of the first 2
what are they? explain?
1. **C chemokines-** first 2 are bound by side
disulphide bonds
2. **CC chemokines- **first 2 are positioned
one after another and they both have a
side chain
3. **CXC chemokines- **between the C there is
another aa
4. **CX3C chemokines-** between the C there
is a mucin domain
40
Structural organization of chemokines & their receptors
Receptor structure:
What kind of domain?
how many membrane domains?
explainthe intracellular domains?
Receptor structure
○ Extracellular domain
○ 7 transmembrane domains
○ Intracellular domains a,b,y w/ G-couple
proteins
41
Structural organization of chemokines & their receptors
You’re never going to believe this:
CR- binds to?
CCR- binds to?
CXCR- binds to CXC?
CX3CR- binds to?
● You’re never going to believe this:
○ CR- binds to C chemokines
○ CCR- binds to CC chemokines
○ CXCR- binds to CXC chemokines
○ CX3CR- binds to CX3C chemokines
42
Structural organization of chemokines & their receptors
Side note:
MIP-1a (CCL3) and MIP-1B
(CCL4) are ?
Side note:
MIP-1a (CCL3) and MIP-1B
(CCL4) are NB proinflamm.
cytokines
43
Lymphocytes &
Their receptors
Lymphocytes
4 kinds what are they?
what do they do?
● T cells- reg adaptive immunity very NB
for cell-mediated immune response
● B cells- responsible for AB production
● NK cells- play a role in innate immunity
● Large N:C ratio
44
Lymphocytes
T cells
Pre-T cells where?
where to they go?
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
45
Lymphocytes
T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
? begins to form?
● T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
○ TCR begins to form
46
Lymphocytes
● T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
○ TCR begins to form
○ Cells that express B turn into ?
● T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
○ TCR begins to form
○ Cells that express B turn into ab
47
Lymphocytes
● T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
○ TCR begins to form
○ Cells that express B turn into ab
○ Cells that express y or delta turn into ?
● T cells
○ Pre-t cells bone marrow-> thymus
(thymocytes)
○ TCR begins to form
○ Cells that express B turn into ab
○ Cells that express y or delta turn into
gamma-delta cells
48
Lymphocytes
● If TCR are specific how can they respond
to many AGs?
● If TCR are specific how can they respond
to many AGs?
○ Random rearrangement of germline
gene seg encoding TCR components
○ Unique to T and B cells
49
Development of the TCR
Genes that encode for a and b chains of
the TCR are found where?
Genes that encode for a and b chains of
the TCR are found in segments in
different regions of the DNA
○ V,J,D,C regions
50
Development of the TCR
B chain genes are rearranged in the ?
B chain genes are rearranged in the pre-t cells
51
Development of the TCR
B chain genes are rearranged in the pre-t cells
what join?
what links?
what result?
B chain genes are rearranged in the pre-t cells
○ D-beta and j-beta join
○ V-beta links to the new BJbeta segment
○ Results in the formation of the variable region
of a b chain
52
Development of the TCR
A chain begins after the B chain but it is
completed before the B chain is ?
A chain begins after the B chain but it is
completed before the B chain is
○ V-alpha and J-alpha join
○ VJ-alpha segment is joined with a C-alpha region
segment
53
Development of the TCR
A fully rearranged B chain cannot be
expressed before?
**A fully rearranged B chain cannot be
expressed before the a chain has been
rearranged**
54
Development of the TCR
RAG1 and RAG2 allow for rearrangement of ?
what happens to increase the diversity of TCR?
**RAG1 and RAG2 allow for rearrangement of
segments then enzymes like
DNA-dependent protein kinase excise the
intervening DNA to increase diversity of TCR**
55
SCID in frisian water dogs
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Frisian Water Dog Type is caused by a ?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Frisian Water Dog Type is caused by a
mutation in the RAG1 gene. The
frameshift mutation causes premature
stop codon and production of truncated
protein, disrupting the catalytic
activity of RAG1 involved in the V(D)J
recombination and antibody production
56
Selection of t cells
Must express a functional TCR that can recognize and react to ?
Must express a functional TCR that can recognize
and react with the MHC complex on APC
57
Selection of t cells
● 2 steps:
what are they?
Positive selection
Negative selection
58
Selection of t cells
2 steps:
○ Positive selection
what occurs with the T cells?
what sort of affinity?
how often does this fail?
what happens?
Positive selection- the T cells should bind to the
MHC if moderate affinity if it does not bind then the
MHC fails and undergoes apoptosis (96% fail)
■ Eliminates thymocytes that have failed to
assemble TCR or have a useless TCR
59
Selection of t cells
● 2 steps
Negative selection
what sort of affinity?
what occurs?
Negative selection- if it binds with high affinity it
will undergo apoptosis
60
Selection of t cells
PLS know that it is important for the TCR to bind how?
PLS know that it is important for the TCR to bind
with moderate affinity to the MHC complex!!!!
61
Selection of t cells
where does selection occur?
Selection occurs in the thymus
62
Selection of t cells
In the beginning...
Thymocytes lack ?
therefore they are considered ?
In the beginning...
● Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 so they
are considered double neg
63
Selection of t cells
In the beginning...
● Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 so they
are considered double neg
● Once the alpha beta TCR is expressed, then what?
In the beginning...
● Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 so they
are considered double neg
● Once the alpha beta TCR is expressed
they become double positive
64
Selection of t cells
In the beginning...
● Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 so they
are considered double neg
● Once the alpha beta TCR is expressed
they become double positive
● In order to be considered mature they
will become ? and express how?
how do they exit?
what is:
○ Affinity for MHC1=?
○ Affinity for MHC 2=?
In the beginning...
● Thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 so they
are considered double neg
● Once the alpha beta TCR is expressed
they become double positive
● In order to be considered mature they
will become single positive and express
only either CD4 or CD8 & will exit the
thymus via the blood
○ Affinity for MHC1= CD8
○ Affinity for MHC 2= CD4
65
THE FREAKING AIRE GENE!!!!!!!!
It is NB for T cells to not react to self...
It is NB for T cells to not react to self
(autoimmunity)
66
THE FREAKING AIRE GENE!!!!!!!!
The Thymus has Autoimmune regulator
gene (AIRE) which allows thymic
epithelial cells to express what? why?
The Thymus has Autoimmune regulator
gene (AIRE) which allows thymic
epithelial cells to express many of the
proteins found in the body to aid in
prevention against autoimmunity
○ This is veryyyyy NB guys :)
67
THE FREAKING AIRE GENE!!!!!!!!
T cell receptors:
(8)
T cell receptors
● AG receptor= TCR
● Cytokines
● AB
● Complement
● Adhesion molecules
● Reg receptors
● Transport
● Chemokine
● Notice how the TCR and the CD4 or CD8
receptors are very close together!!!
***see diagram on P. 35
68
B lymphocytes
B cell development occurs where?
B cell development occurs in the bone
marrow
69
B lymphocytes
● B cell development occurs in the bone
marrow
○ Maturation- explain
Where does it occur before birth?
afer birth?
relevance of IL7?
B cell development occurs in the bone
marrow
○ Maturation- gen of mature
immunocompetent B cells
■ Before birth occurs in the yolk sac,
liver, and bone marrow
■ After birth= bone marrow
■ **IL7 is NB for the differentiation
into B lymphocytes**
70
B lymphocytes
● B cell development occurs in the bone
marrow
Activation?
Activation- contact B cells to specific AG
71
B lymphocytes
● B cell development occurs in the bone
marrow
Differentiation?
○ Differentiation- B cells become plasma
cells (AB producing) or memory B cells
72
B lymphocytes
Unlike TCR, BCR have...
Unlike TCR, BCR have 2 AG
binding sites!!
**see diagram of B lympocyte receptor (BCR) p. 36
73
Rearrangement of IG genes
● Pro B cells- first develop what?
● Pro B cells- first develop heavy chains
(D+J segments)
○ V chain then binds to the already formed
DJ segment to produce VDJ
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
74
Rearrangement of IG genes
● Pre-b cells= ?
● Pre-b cells= light chains are rearranged!
○ Only 1 type of light chain can be
expressed (kappa or lambda)
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
75
Rearrangement of IG genes
Be sure to know pro-b vs. pre-b!
**Plssss know that pro-b is for heavy
chain development and the it occurs
before the pre-b stage which is when
light chain rearrangement occurs :):)**
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
76
Rearrangement of IG genes
Pre b cells->
Pre b cells-> immature b cells
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
77
Rearrangement of IG genes
Guys know this!!!!
Immature b cells only have ?
what can happen?
**Guys know this!!!!
○ Immature b cells only have a IgM
receptor and are not fully functional
■ If the B cell is stimulated in the
immature stage it will result in
cell death or anergy!!!!**
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
78
Rearrangement of IG genes
A b cell is considered fully mature
whenever ?
what is requires for this to occur?
**A b cell is considered fully mature
whenever both IgM and IgD are
expressed on the surface!
○ This required change in RNA coding to
allow for both heavy chain expression**
Honestly everything on this slide is very
important please look over it :)
79
Checkpoints for B cells
Only 10% of B cells reach circulation- the
rest undergo what?
why?
Only 10% of B cells reach circulation- the
rest undergo negative selection of clonal
deletion due to having high affinity for
self AG!!
○ Do you remember how many T cells fail
positive selection?
80
Checkpoints for B cells
Mature B cells undergo ? and what happens?
Mature B cells undergo activation and
differentiation into plasma cells in the
periphery
81
● BCR
How many heavy chains?
How many light chains?
what is the C-terminal of the heavy chain?
what is important about the N-terminal of the heavy and light chains?
● BCR
○ 2 ID Heavy chains
○ 2 ID light chains held to the heavy chains
via disulfide bonds
○ C-terminal of the heavy chain= cell
membrane
○ N-terminal of the heavy and light chains=
are highly variable!!!
**see p. 38 for graph of B lymphocyte receptor BCR
82
This is a veryyyyyy good summary slide that i would def look over :):):)
Identifying features of T and B cells:
B cells:
develop within?
distribution?
circulate?
antigen receptors?
Important surface antigens?
mitogens?
antigens recognized?
tolerance induction?
progeny cells?
secreted products?
This is a veryyyyyy good summary slide that i would def look over :):):)
Identifying features of T and B cells:
B cells:
develop within? **bone marrow, bursa, Peyer's patches**
distribution?**lymph note fortx, splenic follicles**
circulate? **no**
antigen receptors?**BCR-immunoglobin**
Important surface antigens? **immunoglobins**
mitogens?**pokeweed, lipopolysaccaride**
antigens recognized?**free foreign proteins**
tolerance induction? **difficult**
progeny cells?** plasma cells memory cells**
secreted products?**Immunoglobins**
83
This is a veryyyyyy good summary slide that i would def look over :):):)
Identifying features of T and B cells:
T cells:
develop within?
distribution?
circulate?
antigen receptors?
Important surface antigens?
mitogens?
antigens recognized?
tolerance induction?
progeny cells?
secreted products?
his is a veryyyyyy good summary slide that i would def look over :):):)
Identifying features of T and B cells:
T cells:
develop within?** thymus**
distribution?**lymph note paracortex spleen periarteriolar sheath**
circulate? **yes**
antigen receptors? **TCR-protein heterodimer associated with CD3, CD4, or CD8**
Important surface antigens? **CD2, CD3, CD4 or CD8**
mitogens? **Phytohemagglutinin, concanavail A, DCG vaccine pokeweed**
antigens recognized?** processed foreign proteins in MHC antigens**
tolerance induction? **easy**
progeny cells? **effector t cells, memory t cells**
secreted products? **cytokines**
84
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. True or False: in ruminants,
pigs, and dogs the Ileal peyer's patches are primary
lymphoid tissues of B cells?
A. True
B. False
A
85
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. Are inhibitory or activating
signals dominant in NK cells.
A. Inhibitory
B. Activating
C. Neither, they are expressed 50/50
D. It's not NK cells it is macrophages
A
86
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. wHAT ARE YOUR
PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES?
????
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. wHAT ARE YOUR
PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES?
TNFa, IL1, IL6, IL8
87
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. A low pH is considered what
type of exogenous agent?
A. Mechanical
B. It’s endogenous not exo
C. Biological
D. chemical
D
88
It’s spooky season and there is nothing more terrifying
than cumulative questions. What are the peptide binding
cleft between in the MHC 1 and MHC 2 complexes?
A. A1 a3
B. A1 b3
C. A2 A3
D. A1 A2
E. B2 B3
F. A1 B1
D=MHC1,F=MHC2
89
You’re taking a stroll down Elm street when Freddy
Krueger stops you. He asks you what is important about
dendritic cells.
A. They present to naive CD4 and CD8 t cells
B. They bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems
C. They can undergo cross priming
D. All of the above
D
90
Mr. Krueger isn’t going to let you off that easily.What do
you tell him when he asks where AN MHC class 1 aG is
typically located?
A. Extracellular compartment
B. Lymphatics
C. cytosol
D. Primary lymphoid organs
C
91
Ugh you seriously cannot get away from this man. Now
Mr. Krueger wants to know Which of the following
uptakes and localizes endocytosed AG?
A. Proteasome
B. Endosome
C. Phagolysosome
D. None of the above
B
92
No need to fear because Hubie is here to protect you.
Although he is a little upset about you walking on elm
street by yourself. As a result he is quizzing you on
immunology. True or False: BCR can recognize soluble
AG and can submit these antigens to t cells via MHC.
A. True
B. False
B
93
Now the group of neighborhood kids are chasing you and hubie. To distract them
you start talking to them about immuno. Which of the following is something you
would say while dodging eggs?
A. A T cell will be fully activated when there is interaction of only the MHC
peptide complex with the TCR-CD3 complex
B. A T cell will be activated when there is clonal anergy
C. A T cell will be activated when B7 binds with CTLA4
D. A T cell will activated when there is both interaction of the peptide-MHC
complex with the TCR-CD3 complex and interaction between CD28 & B7
D
94
Now officer downing stops you. All of the mean kids take
off so it is just you and hubie. In order to let you off the
hook, he asks you Where are the alpha and beta chains
for MHC 2 synthesized in the cell?
A. Proteasome
B. Endosome
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus
C
95
You’re walking back home (by yourself bc you didn’t
learn the first time) and you see a red balloon in the
drain. Next thing you hear is Pennywise asking you True
or False: TAP is the transporter associated with AG
presentation and it plays an important role in the MHC 2
pathway.
A. True
B. False
B
96
You really can’t catch a break because now you
remembered it is the 23rd year and jeepers creepers is
at your door. What do you tell him when he asks How
are lipid AG presented to cells not MHC restricted?
A. CD3
B. IL4
C. CD1
D. All nucleated cells are MHC restricted.
C
97
Perry The platypus comes to you because he is worried
about Doofenshmirtz new plan. In said plan, he is
planning on inserting MHC molecules from his lab
animals into everyone within a 50 mile radius. Should
Perry be worried?
A. Heck yeah tell everyone to get out
B. No because MHC molecules are self restricted
C. It depends on what the AG being presented on the MHC is
D. Angel grow up
B
98
You thought you were finished with jeepers creepers but
his 23 days aren’t up yet so he is back again. This time
he wants to know Which of the following is a property of
cytokines:
a. They bind to target cells with low affinity
b. Autocrine cytokines bind to a receptor of a neighboring cell
c. Pleiotropic action of cytokines is when 2 or more cytokines exert the same
effect on the same cell
d. They can act in a nonspecific manner
D
99
Jeepers creepers is really interested in immuno now.
While he would love to sit and listen to you teach him
about immuno he is on a time crunch. He does have one
last question though. What is the action referred to as
whenever one cytokine inhibits the effects of another
cytokine?
A. Pleiotropic
B. Redundant
C. synergistic
D. Cascade
E. Antagonistic
E
100
You’ve decided to tutor the grudge in immunology.She is
confused on which of the following is the most correct
answer. What would you tell her?
A. A T cell will be fully activated when there is interaction of only the MHC
peptide complex with the TCR-CD3 complex
B. A T cell will be activated when there is clonal anergy
C. A T cell will be activated when B7 binds with CTLA4
D. A T cell will activated when there is both interaction of the peptide-MHC
complex with the TCR-CD3 complex and interaction between CD28 & B7
?
101
True or False: cytokines and growth factors are
expressed constitutively.
A. True
B. False
?
102
True or False: the monomeric IL-2 only has a beta chain
and therefore has low affinity.
A. True
B. False
?
103
Your grandma finds a doll in the thrift store that she thinks you will
absolutely love. Little does she know that the doll is actually Annabelle.
You are trying to distract her until Ed and Lorraine Warren can get to
your house. Which of the following is something you might would say to
her?
A. Cytokines are important for cellular immunity but not humoral
B. Hormones can be produced by many different cells
C. Possession of a common signalling subunit allows elicitation of an IR signal by
all involved cytokines but can lead to antagonism and competition.
D. Say nothing and run
?
104
True or False: the monomeric IL-2 only has a beta chain
and therefore has low affinity.
A. True
B. False
?
105
Your grandma finds a doll in the thrift store that she thinks you will
absolutely love. Little does she know that the doll is actually Annabelle.
You are trying to distract her until Ed and Lorraine Warren can get to
your house. Which of the following is something you might would say to
her?
A. Cytokines are important for cellular immunity but not humoral
B. Hormones can be produced by many different cells
C. Possession of a common signalling subunit allows elicitation of an IF
signal by all involved cytokines but can lead to antagonism and
competition.
D. Say nothing and run
?
106
Your grandma finds a doll in the thrift store that she thinks you will
absolutely love. Little does she know that the doll is actually Annabelle.
You are trying to distract her until Ed and Lorraine Warren can get to
your house. Which of the following is something you might would say to
her?
A. Cytokines are important for cellular immunity but not humoral
B. Hormones can be produced by many different cells
C. Possession of a common signalling subunit allows elicitation of an IF
signal by all involved cytokines but can lead to antagonism and
competition.
D. Say nothing and run
?
107
Annabelle has your ipad while she is sitting in her
rocking chair. What is this a photo of?
A. CC chemokine
B. C chemokine
C. CZC chemokine
D. CZ2C chemokine
E. CX3C chemokine
?
108
Mr. and Mrs. Warren finally show up to your house. They
are so happy that you did the right thing and called them
so they can handle annabelle. They are talking to you
about vet school and they ask you about immunology.
Which of the following is true?
A. T cells regulate humoral immunity
B. Lymphocytes have a large C:N ratio
C. Random rearrangement that is unique to T and B cells is how they can be specific but still bind to a
large number of AG
D. Tell them you don’t want to talk about immuno and to get that doll out of your house ASAP
?
109
Apparently the Warren’s are not worried about annabelle
because this isn’t their first rodeo with her. So they are
still asking about immuno. They are interesting in the
rearrangement that occurs in T and B cells. What allows
for this to occur?
A. ROS 1 and 2
B. TNF 1 and 2
C. GPS 1 and 2
D. RAG 1 and 2
?
110
You allow the Warren’s to ask you one more question but you tell them
after that they really need to get that doll away from you. They are
curious in how T cells undergo this rearrangement but still are able to
recognize and react with Host MHC complexes without autoimmunity/
immunodeficiency. What do you tell them? (may be more than 1 answer)
A. Evolution
B. Positive selection
C. Neutral selection
D. Negative selection
?
