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Immuno > Fetal and neonatal immunology > Flashcards

Fetal and neonatal immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System Development

what order?

A
  • The thymus develops first, followed by secondary
    lymphoid organs
  • B cells appear soon after the spleen and lymph nodes
    have developed
  • Cell-mediated immune responses and antibody production
    are not usually found until late in fetal life, if at all
  • TCR diversity is limited in the fetus and neonate, low
    cytokine production
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2
Q

The Immune system and
Intrauterine infections

can the fetus mount an IR?

A
  • The fetus is less capable of mounting IR
  • Adaptive immune system is not fully functional
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3
Q

Calf’s Immune System Development

Basic order of development by days from conception?

A

41-thymus
45-blood lymphocytes
56 bone marrow spleen
59 IgM Positive Cells
60Lymph Nodes
90 complement
110Grnaulocytes
130 Serum IgG
135 IGG positive cells
145 Serum IgM
155 Tonsil
175 Peyer’s patches

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4
Q

The Immune system and
Intrauterine infections

what Mild or innaparent infections in the mother can be severe or lethal
in the fetus

A
  • Bluetongue virus, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Bovine
    viral diarrhea, Toxoplamosis
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5
Q

The Immune system and
Intrauterine infections
The response to infection is determined by the state of…

A

The response to infection is determined by the state of
immunological development of the fetus

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6
Q

The Immune System and Intrauterine
Infection

relationship and timing of: cows, pregnant cows, non-cytopathic BVDV, normal calves and normal calves that are tolerant to BVDV?

A

Pregnant cows infected with a non-cytopathic BVDV early in conception
up to 120 days will give birth calves that are tolerant to BVDV

Cows infected with a non-cytopathic BVDV between 120 and 200 days
will give birth to normal calves

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7
Q

The Immune System and Intrauterine
Infection

Infection of pregnant cows with a cytopathic BVDV within the first 100 days
of conception will lead to…

A

Infection of pregnant cows with a cytopathic BVDV within the first 100 days
of conception will lead to abortion, resorption or mummification of the fetus

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8
Q

The Immune System and Intrauterine
Infection

Malformations may occur in calves originating from mothers infected with
cytopathic BVDV between…..

A

Malformations may occur in calves originating from mothers infected with
cytopathic BVDV between 100-150 days from conception

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9
Q

The Immune System and Intrauterine
Infection

Calves from mothers infected with cytopathic BVDV after 150 days

A

Calves from mothers infected with cytopathic BVDV after 150 days from
conception may be born normal

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10
Q

Immune Response on Newborn Mammals

The newborn relies on….

A

The newborn relies on passive
immune transfer from the mother

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11
Q

Immune Response on Newborn Mammals

what happens at birth?
are they capable of mounting an innate and adaptive IR?

A

Birth: animals move from a sterile environment to one with many
pathogens
* Capable of mounting innate and adaptive IR, however, adaptive
mechanisms are not fully functional

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12
Q

Immune Response on Newborn Mammals

any adaptive immune will be…

A

Any adaptive immune will be a primary response
* Slow response and low concentrations of antibodies
* Innate IR is critical for survival in the first weeks of life

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13
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals

6 identifying features:

A

Several antimicrobial molecules
* TLR
* Neutrophils
* Deficient bactericidal activity
* Cortisol
* Serum deficient in C3 and complement components
* C3 in newborn piglets reaches adult levels by 14 days of age
* Macrophages present but immature
* Capable of phagocytizing bacteria, but less efficient at killing, until after 7-10
days
* Fewer NK cells
* Respond more strongly to IL-2 or IL-15 and are more cytotoxic

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14
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals

several antimicrobial molecules?

A

Several antimicrobial molecules

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15
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals

TLR?

A

TLR

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16
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals

Neutrophils?
characteristics?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Deficient bactericidal activity
  • Cortisol
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17
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals
Serum deficient in C3 and complement components? piglets?

A

Serum deficient in C3 and complement components
* C3 in newborn piglets reaches adult levels by 14 days of age

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18
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals
Macrophages?

A

Macrophages present but immature
* Capable of phagocytizing bacteria, but less efficient at killing, until after 7-10
days

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19
Q

Innate Immunity on Newborn Mammals
NK cells?

A

Fewer NK cells
* Respond more strongly to IL-2 or IL-15 and are more cytotoxic

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20
Q

Adaptive Immunity on Newborn Mammals

Responses tend to be predominantly…

A

Responses tend to be predominantly Th2 based

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21
Q

Adaptive Immunity on Newborn Mammals

Delayed development of IL-12-…

A

Delayed development of IL-12- producing DC1

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22
Q

Adaptive Immunity on Newborn Mammals

IL-4 and IL-13

A

Activities of IL-4 and IL-13 from DC2

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23
Q

Adaptive Immunity on Newborn Mammals

IFN-γ foals?

A

Newborn foals are unable to express IFN-γ
* Associated with placental damage
* 6-12 months to reach adult levels

24
Q

Adaptive Immunity on Newborn Mammals

↑ Lymphocyte counts?

A

↑ Lymphocyte counts than adults (dogs and cats)
* Low CD8+ count

25
Q

IMMUNITY TRANSFER:
From Mother to Offspring

dependent of what?

A

Dependent on the type of placenta

26
Q

IMMUNITY TRANSFER:
From Mother to Offspring

Dependent on the type of placenta

3 types?
to what animal?
of what / how?

A
  • Dependent on the type of placenta
  • Hemochorial - Primates
  • Allows maternal IgG transfer (not IgM, IgA, or IgE)
  • Endotheliochorial - Dogs and cats
  • 5% to 10% of IgG is directly transferred from the
    mother to the puppy or kitten,
  • Mostly through colostrum
  • Syndesmochorial - Ruminants & Epitheliochorial -
    horses & pigs
  • No transplacental passage of Ig molecules
  • Transfer entirely dependent on the colostrum
27
Q

IMMUNITY TRANSFER:
From Mother to Offspring

explain Hemochorial

A
  • Dependent on the type of placenta
  • Hemochorial - Primates
  • Allows maternal IgG transfer (not IgM, IgA, or IgE)
28
Q

IMMUNITY TRANSFER:
From Mother to Offspring

explain endotheliochorial

A
  • Dependent on the type of placenta
    Endotheliochorial - Dogs and cats
  • 5% to 10% of IgG is directly transferred from the
    mother to the puppy or kitten,
  • Mostly through colostrum
29
Q

IMMUNITY TRANSFER:
From Mother to Offspring

explain syndesmochorial

A
  • Dependent on the type of placenta
  • Syndesmochorial - Ruminants & Epitheliochorial -
    horses & pigs
  • No transplacental passage of Ig molecules
  • Transfer entirely dependent on the colostrum
30
Q

Composition of Colostrum and Milk

Horses
cattle
sheep
dogs
cats
pigs

A

see graphs

31
Q

Colostrum Absorption

what order?

A
  • Low protease activity in digestive tract
  • Allows Ig reach the SI intact
  • Binding with FcRn receptors on
    intestinal epithelial cells
  • Taken up by intestinal epithelial cells
    and transferred to the lacteals and
    possibly the intestinal capillaries
  • Reaches the bloodstream
32
Q

Colostrum Absorption

protease activity in digestive tract–high or low?

A
  • Low protease activity in digestive tract
33
Q

Colostrum Absorption

Allows Ig reach the….

A

Allows Ig reach the SI intact

34
Q

Colostrum Absorption

Binding with FcRn receptors on….

A

Binding with FcRn receptors on
intestinal epithelial cells

35
Q

Colostrum Absorption

Taken up by intestinal epithelial cells
and transferred to…

A

Taken up by intestinal epithelial cells
and transferred to the lacteals and
possibly the intestinal capillaries

36
Q

Colostrum Absorption
Reaches the…

A

Reaches the bloodstream

37
Q

Colostrum Absorption
Selectivity of intestinal permeability
Horses and pigs?
Ruminants

A

Selectivity of intestinal permeability
* Horses and pigs
* Absorb IgG & IgM; IgA remains in the intestine
* Ruminants
* No selectivity

38
Q

Colostrum Absorption
Selectivity of intestinal permeability

which animals Absorb IgG & IgM; IgA remains in the intestine

A

Horses and pigs

39
Q

Colostrum Absorption
Duration of intestinal permeability

when?
characterized by?

A

Duration of intestinal permeability
* The highest in the first 6h, usually no longer than 24h
* No more expression of FcRn

40
Q

Impact of Passive Transfer
Absorption of IgG from
colostrum is required for the…

A

Absorption of IgG from
colostrum is required for the
generation of systemic
immunity

41
Q

Impact of Passive Transfer

The continuous
intake of IgA or IgG1 from
milk is required for

A

The continuous
intake of IgA or IgG1 from
milk is required for protection
against enteric disease

42
Q

Impact of Passive Transfer

to achieve protection
against enteric disease

A

The continuous
intake of IgA or IgG1 from
milk is required for protection
against enteric disease

43
Q

Impact of Passive Transfer

what is required for the
generation of systemic
immunity

A

Absorption of IgG from
colostrum is required for the
generation of systemic
immunity

44
Q

Failure of Passive Transfer
Production failure results in:

A

Production failure
* Premature births
* Premature lactation
* Individual variation
* Up to 28% of mares producing low-quality colostrum
* Measure its specific gravity
* 1.060 to 1.085 = 3000 to 8500 mg/dL of IgG
* <3000 mg/dL - Inadequate

45
Q

Failure of Passive Transfer
Ingestion failure results in:

A
  • Ingestion failure
  • Multiple births
  • Colostrum production doesn’t rise in proportion to the number of
    newborns
  • Poor mothering
  • Weakness in the newborn
  • Poor suckling drive
  • Physical problems
46
Q

Failure of Passive Transfer

Absorption failure results in

A

Absorption failure

  • Major concern in foals
  • Even with good husbandry: 25% of foals fail to absorb enough Ig
  • Economic value
  • Similar problem with alpacas
47
Q

Diagnosing the Failure of Passive
Transfer

how to you identify?
when do you test?

A
  • Ideal: IgG >800 mg/dL
  • Failure of Passive Transfer - IgG <400 mg/dL
  • Partial Failure: IgG >400 - <800mg mg/dL
  • Test after at least 18 to 24h after birth
  • Multiple tests available
48
Q

Diagnosing the Failure of Passive
Transfer

Comparison of sensitivity & specificity of
different methods in detecting serum IgG

what 3 tests?

at <800mg/dl in foals
which has highest sensitivity?
which has highest specificity?

A

snap
total protein
globulin

snap highest specificity
globulin highest senditivity

see graph

49
Q

Diagnosing the Failure of Passive
Transfer

Comparison of sensitivity & specificity of
different methods in detecting serum IgG

what 3 tests?

at <400mg/dl in foals
which has highest sensitivity?
which has highest specificity?

A

snap highest sensitivity
and specificity

50
Q

Management of Failure of Passive
Transfer

what are the factors that affect IgG and treatment?

A
  • 75% of foals with 200-400 mg/dL of IgG will stay healthy
  • Close monitoring for infections
  • IgG concentrations <200 mg/dL, foals that have not nursed within
    6 hours of birth, and foals that have received colostrum with IgG
    of less than 1000 mg/dL should receive additional colostrum
51
Q

Management of Failure of Passive
Transfer

can colostrum be stored?
how?
how long?

A

Colostrum can be stored frozen at −15° to −20° C (1y)

52
Q

Management of Failure of Passive
Transfer

can fresh colostrum from primiparous mares be used

A

Fresh colostrum from primiparous mares can be used

53
Q

Management of Failure of Passive
Transfer

who can get an Intravenous plasma infusion

A

Foals older than 15h - Intravenous plasma infusion

54
Q

Vaccination of neonates

what can interfere with vaccination?

A

Maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccination

55
Q

Vaccination of neonates

how do Maternal antibodies interfere with vaccination –3 ways?

A

Maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccination
* Bind vaccine antigens, preventing the generation of an immune
response
* Antigen-antibody complexes formed this way are cleared by cells
that posses Fc receptors e.g., erythrocytes
* Maternal antibodies can mask the antigenic epitopes thus
preventing B cell responses

56
Q

Vaccination of neonates

when should you vaccinate?

A

Vaccinate after the level of maternal antibodies has declined

57
Q

Vaccination of neonates

what effect of the presence of maternal
antibodies to canine parvovirus in 653
puppies on their response to a modified

live parvovirus vaccine.

A

Effect of the presence of maternal
antibodies to canine parvovirus in 653
puppies on their response to a modified

live parvovirus vaccine. The pre-
vaccination antibody titer profoundly

inhibits the response of the puppies to the
vaccine.

Immuno (13 decks)

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