Immuno week 1 Flashcards
2 Branches of the IS
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
Innate Immunity
answer:
Activation?
Main cells?
response time
**specificity
**memory
Activation: ALWAYS
Main cells: Macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
Response time: fast (minutes to hours)
Specificity: Structures common to SEVERAL PATHOGENS
Memory: ABSENT
**2 Branches of the IS
Adaptive Immunity
answer:
Activation?
Main cells?
response time
**specificity
**memory
**Activation: Only when in contact with antigens
Main cells: lymphocytes
T cells
Bcells
Response time: slow (days to weeks)
Specificity:
SPECIFIC epitope, typically unique to pathogen
Memory: PRESENT
Cells of the IS originate from what?
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
break down to what 2 things?
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Common Myeloid Progenitor
which includes: RBC, PLT, Clz
Cells of the IS
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
break down to 4 types of cells that –> to what?
Pro-ILC–>ILC
Pro NK cell–> NK cell
Pro T cell –> T cell
Pro B cell –> B cell
Cells of the IS
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Of the 4 cells… the Pro-T cell which –> T cell subdivides into 3 possible cells.
what are they?
Cells of the IS
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
T cell –>
T helper cell
T Cytotoxic cell
T regulatory cell
Cells of the IS
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Of the 4 cells… the Pro-b cell –> B cell further –> what?
ells of the IS
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Of the 4 cells… the Pro-b cell –> B cell –> plasma cell
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
what are they?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-Mc mast cell
CFU-basophils
CFU-eosinophils
CFU-GM granulocyte-monocyte
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-Mc –> what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-Mc–> Mast cell
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-b–> what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-b–> Basophil
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-eo–> what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-eo–> Eosinophil
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things, what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:
CFU-G
CFU-M
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:
CFU-G—> what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:
CFU-G—>Neutrophil
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:
CFU-M—>what?
Cells of the IS
Hematopoietic
(stem cell)
which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells
CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:
CFU-M—>Dendritic cell or Monocyte–>Macrophage
Cells of the IS
● Neutrophils
5 facts:
are they numerous?
what effect?
what role?
Cells of the IS
● Neutrophils
○ Most numerous cell
○ Antimicrobial effects acute
bacterial infection
○ Main roles: phagocytosis and
degradation
○ NET
○ immature= banded neutrophils
(left shift)
Cells of the IS
● Eosinophils
4 facts
color?
do they differentiate? if so when?
effector? describe:
Role:
● Eosinophils
○ pink/red
○ Differentiate in response to IL3,5,
& GM-CSF
○ Antiparasitic effectors
■ Esp. helminthic infections
○ Role in type 1 hypersensitivity
rxns
Cells of the IS
● Basophils
host defence against?
what is the purpose?
what is included to aid in phogocytosis?
when are they typically found?
Cells of the IS
● Basophils
○ Host defence against parasites
○ True purpose: unclear
■ Aids in defense against parasites,
allergic rxns, inflammation
○ Toxic granules aid in phagocytosis
○ Typically found when there are lg
amounts of eosinophils
Cells of the IS
● Mast Cells
4 facts:
Rich in?
what do they do?
how do they do it?
what do they defend against?
● Mast Cells
○ Rich in PRR
○ Immune surveillance
○ Amp. inflammation and allergy
responses
■ Release histamine!
○ NB defense against parasites
Cells of the IS
● 2 types of mast cells
what are they?
purpose?
location?
● 2 types of mast cells
○ Connective tissue- local allergic rxn
○ Mucosal- found in areas of the body
exposed to external ENV
■ Lungs, GI, mouth, nose
Macrophages
2 kids what are they?
Macrophages
● Monocytes
● Macrophages
Macrophages
● Monocytes:
where ?
what do they do?
Macrophages
● Monocytes= in the blood & replenish macrophages
Macrophages
● Macrophages= in tissues
how can they present?
what do they do?
what are the steps to do it?
what is their function?
● Macrophages= in tissues
○ Can present AG to lymphocytes
○ Ingest and degrade bact. Via phagocytosis (M1)
■ Phagocytosis steps
● Recognition of microbe
● Endocytosis
● Phagosome maturation
● Fusion of the phagosome and lysosome
● Killing & degradation of bact inside the phagolysosome
○ Housekeeping functions like recycling dead/ ageing cells (M2)
Cells of the IS
● Natural Killer Cells (NK)
5 facts:
what are they?
what do they do?
what do they contain and that does that mean?
what do they regulate?
what do they break down into? and what is a feacture of both of those cells?
Cells of the IS
● Natural Killer Cells (NK)
○ INNATE IMMUNE CELLS
○ Recognize and kill virally infected or
cancer cells
○ Contain granules which induce apoptosis
○ Regulate the immune response
○ NKT cells- features of both the innate
and adaptive IS
(mature and immature dendritic cells)
Cells of the IS
● Dendritic cells (DC)
what are they?
where do they mature?
They are the main cells involved in what?
Where do mature DC cells go?
what do they become?
what are the 2 types
What are the 2 most important things about them?
● Dendritic cells (DC)
○ Hematopoietic cells that undergoes
maturation in the bone marrow, lymphoid or
nonlymphoid tissues
○ Main cell involved in presenting AG
○ Mature DC go to secondary lymphoid organs
to become potent t cell activators
○ 2 types
■ Classical cDC
■ Plasmacytoid pDC
● Secrete large amounts of type
1 interferons
○ Capture, process, & present AG to T cells
○ Bridge the innate and adaptive
immunity!!!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
T Cells 4 facts:
what is important about the binding site?
what are they?
they are crucial for what?
where are they?
T cells
○ Single AG binding site
○ Thymocytes in the thymus ->t
lymphocytes
○ Crucial for cellular IR
○ Bone marrow -> thymus
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
T Cells
what are the 2 types?
what do they do?
how do they do it?
what are they specifically?
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
T Cells
● 2 types
○ CD8+-> cytotoxic killer cells
■ Recognize and kill infected/ cancer
cells by releasing cytotoxic
granules
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
■ Treg- NB to prevent autoimmunity
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● B cells
6 facts:
binding cells?
what kind of immunity?
where do they mature?
reponsible for producing what/
where is it produced?
what specifically do they produce and why is that important?
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● B cells
○ 2 AG binding sites on BCR
○ Humoral immunity!!!
○ Mature in the bone marrow except in
what spp???
○ Responsible for production of
antibodies
○ Produced in : bursa (birds), bone
marrow, and intestinal lymphoid
tissues in dogs ruminants & pigs!!!!!!
○ B cells produce ANTIBODIES!
■ Which are NB for neutralization,
opsonization, complement
activation
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
what are the 3:
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
what are the 3:
● Neutralization
● Opsonization
● Complement activation
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
what are the 3:
● Neutralization
what is it?
how does it work?
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
● Neutralization
○ The pathogen is covered in AB so it cannot infect the
host cells
(ingested by macrophage)
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
what are the 3:
● Opsonization
what is it?
how does it work?
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
what are the 3:
● Opsonization
○ AB bound AG basically recruits the neutrophils and
macrophages to engulf and digest the pathogen
(ingested by macrophage)
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
● Complement activation
what is it?
how does it work?
Functions of AB- humoral immunity
● Complement activation
○ Process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens
○ MAC formation
(lysis and ingestion)
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH1
what is it?
what does it do?
why?
I promise you this will come back!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH1
th1
●** IR against Intracellular
pathogens
○ Produce and secrete
molecules that
activate other
immune cells (macs)**
○ You have to take care of
yourself 1st!**
I promise you this will come back!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH2
what is it
what does it do
I promise you this will come back!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH2
●** Extracellular** pathogens
● Activate b cells, granulocytes,
& mast cells
● Take care of yourself first
worry about everyone else
second!
I promise you this will come back!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH17
what does it do?
why is it important?
how does it do it?
I promise you this will come back!!!
Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS)
● T cells
● 2 types
○ CD4+->helper cells
■ TH1
■ TH2
■ TH17
TH17
● Produce IL17 which is
important for inflammation/
neutrophil activation
● Protects surfaces like the skin
and your gut against
extracellular pathogens by
recruiting neutrophils
I promise you this will come back!!!
Communication of the IS- very broad overview
How:
what is essential for communication?
What are these and what role do they play in communication?
Cytokines
TLR
B Cells
T Cells
MHC
Complement
Communication of the IS- very broad overview
● Cell-to-cell contact or secreted signalling molecules
● Receptors (expressed on the surface of a cell or intracellular compartments) and ligands (what activates the receptors can
be free floating or membrane bound) are essential for communication
● Cytokines- small proteins with diverse function (growth, activation, etc)
● TLR
○ Expressed on innate cells (macs and DC)
○ Recognize general patterns
○ NB for innate IR and inflammation
● B cells= BCR
● T cells= TCR
● MHC= present AG on cell surfaces
○ Also signal if the cell is from the host of a foreign cell ( this will come back ;) )
● Complement
○ Basically a domino effect
○ MAC- punches holes in the target cell killing it
○ Also NB signalling molecules that alert the IS and recruit cells to sites of inflammation
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
2 kinds
what are they?
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
2 kinds
what are they?
Primary
Secondary
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
2 kinds
Primary
when do they evolve
purpose
where
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
● Primary lymphoid organs
● Involution w/ age
● Purpose: development of lymphocytes
(t&b cells)
○ Bone marrow
○ Thymus
○ Bursa of fabricius (birds)
○ Peyer’s patches (spp. dependent)
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
2 kinds
Secondary
when do they develop?
what happens if they are removed?
how do they work?
what is their purpose?
where are they located?
Organs of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
2 kinds
Secondary
● Develop later in fetal life
● Surgical removal= does not impair IS
● Contains DC which trap & process AG
then later present the AG to trigger
adaptive IR
● Purpose: interactions w/ antigens
○ Spleen
○ Lymph nodes
○ Peyer’s patches majority of spp
○ Non- encapsulated lymphoid organs (ex
MALT, etc)
Lymphoid organs
Lymphoid cells are first produced
by….
Lymphoid organs
Lymphoid cells= are first produced
by yolk sac, fetal omentum, and
the liver
Lymphoid organs
in older fetuses/adults lymphoid cell are produced in…
Lymphoid organs
● Older fetuses/ adults= they are
mainly produced in the bone marrow
Primary lymphoid organs
name 3
Primary lymphoid organs
● Thymus
● Bursa of Fabricius
● Bone marrow
Primary lymphoid organs
● Thymus
6 facts:
how do they envolute?
cortex?
medulla?
function?
negative v. positive selection?
● Thymus
○ Involutes with age
○ Cortex: rich in thymocytes
○ Medulla: few thymocytes
○ Function: mature T lymphocytes (allow
them to learn how to recognize AG) &
populate the secondary lymphoid organs
○ Negative selection
■ Cells that strongly bind to self- AG
undergo apoptosis
○ Positive selection
■ Only t cells that recognize MHC
with moderate affinity= survive
Primary lymphoid organs
● Bursa of Fabricius
how does it envolute?
what kind of animal
purpose? ( 2 things)
Primary lymphoid organs
● Bursa of Fabricius
○ Involutes with age
○ Birds only!!!
○ Purpose: maturation of B lymphocytes
■ Undergo negative and positive
selection
■ Differentiation of Ab forming cells
Primary lymphoid organs
● Bone marrow
function?
where are lymphoid cells produced?
Primary lymphoid organs
● Bone marrow
○ Same function as the bursa
○ Lymphoid cells= are being produced in
the same area as all other cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
when do they develop?
what happens with surgical removal?
what do they contain?
what are teh 2 catagories?
● Develop late in fetal life and persist in
adulthood
● Surgical removal does NOT impair
immune capability
● Contain DC
● Encapsulated
● Non-encapsulated
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
2 locations
what are they?
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
2 locations
○ Lymph nodes
○ Spleen
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
Lymph nodes:
what do they do?
where do they do it?
function?
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
Lymph nodes:
filter lymph and trap AG
■ Cortex- B cells (germinal
centers)
■ Paracortex- T cells & DC
■ Medulla- many different cells
■ Function: facilitate the
interaction between DC and Ag
sensitive T & B cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
○ Spleen
2 types-explain?
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Encapsulated
○ Spleen
■ Red pulp-filters blood & RBC
■ White pulp- rich in lymphocytes
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
2 types what are they?
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates
○ Peyer’s patches
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates
name 5
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates
■ MALT
■ GALT
■ BALT
■ NALT
CALT
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
○ Peyer’s patches
■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs=… (finish this sentence 2 ways)
Secondary lymphoid organs
● Non-encapsulated
○ Peyer’s patches
■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs=
ileal PP are primary lymphoid
organs for B cells (involtes w/ age)
■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs=
jejunal PP are secondary lymphoid
organs (contains mainly b cells)
● M cells will sample AG from
the lumen & transfer this to
the PP
Cells of the IS
● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs
3 facts:
what do they/don’t they express?
what do they secrete? why?
where are they?
Cells of the IS
● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs
○ Of the lymphoid lineage but don’t express AG-specific receptors
○ Secrete cytokines and aid in innate immunity, inflammation, lymphoid tissue formation and tissue remodelling
○ Localized to mucosal surfaces
Cells of the IS
● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs
● 3 groups based on transcription factors 7 the cytokines they secrete
what are they?
what do they secrete/produce?
what do they do?
Cells of the IS
● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs
● 3 groups based on transcription factors 7 the cytokines they secrete
○ Group 1
■ t-bet= NK and ILC1
● Secrete INFy and TNF a
● Respond to intracellular pathogens
○ Group 2
■ GATA3 and RORa
● Produce IL5, IL9, IL13
● Respond to extracellular parasites
○ Group 3
■ ROR-yt
● Produce IL17, IL22
● Required for the development of lymphoid tissues
1
Which of the following is the origin of NK cells?
A.Myeloid
B.Megakaryocyte
C.Bone Marrow Cell
D.Lymphoid Progenitor
D.Lymphoid Progenitor
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Innate
IS?
A.It typically can not have memory
B.It is the bodies first line of defense
C.This line of defense is non-discriminatory or non-specific
D.Includes cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes
D.Includes cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes
3
WHich granulocytes are typically active during parasitic
infections?
A.Basophils
B.Macrophages
C.Neutrophils
D.Eosinophils
oddly the answer is E
there is no E?
D.Eosinophils
4
Which is the most common innate immune cell?
A.Basophils
B.Macrophages
C.Neutrophils
D.Eosinophils
C.Neutrophils
5
Which cell type would increase in a BacT infection?
A.Basophils
B.Macrophages
C.Neutrophils
D.Eosinophils
C.Neutrophils
6
What is secreted from ____ cell to aid in allergic
reactions
A. Histamine, Mast Cells
B. MHC 1, Natural Killer Cells
C.Histamine, Dendritic Cells
D.perforin granules, Macrophages
A. Histamine, Mast Cells
7
DC cells bridge the innate and adaptive immune
systems?
A.True
B.False
A.True
8
Jejunal peyer’s patches involute with age in horses, pigs,
dogs, ruminants?
A.True
B.False
B.False
9
Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya De la Rosa Ramirez, the dog, comes into
your clinic during the springtime with a runny nose, watery eyes, and is
licking his feet raw. The likely immune cell responsible for the this is
what?
A.NK cells
B.Connective Tissue Mast Cells
C.Mucosal Mast Cells
D.Neutrophils
C.Mucosal Mast Cells
10
What is NOT a role of macrophages?
A.Phagocytosis
B.Antigen Presentation to Dendritic Cells
C.Coordinating the Immune Response
D.House keeping old erythrocyte removal
B.Antigen Presentation to Dendritic Cells
11
Which of the following is not associateD with B
lymphocytes
A.Cellular Response
B.Bone Marrow
C.Humoral Response
D.Generation of Antibodies
A.Cellular Response
12
The major roles of antibodies are complement system,
AG presentation, neutralization, opsonization?
A.True
B.False
B.False
13
Which is True about T lymphocytes?
A.They mature in the bone marrow
B.Negative selection destroys cells via phagocytosis that can’t bind to MHC II
receptors only
C.Are components of the cellular response
D.Form Antibodies
C.Are components of the cellular response
14
CD4 t cells are cytotoxic t cells.
A.True
B.False
B.False
15
A 12 week old puppy has a thymic tumor. Surgery is
performed to remove the thymus and a sample is sent
out for testing. Will Removing the thymus have any
negative side effects?
A.Heck yeah Angel don’t do it
B.nah, what even is a thymus?
A.Heck yeah Angel don’t do it
16
What is the purpose of a lymph node?
A.to palpate to determine if there is
inflammation
B. Everyone knows lymph nodes aren’t real
C. To facilitate the interaction between DC and
Ag sensitive T & B cells
D. To take up pathogens from the bloodstream to
present to lymphocytes
C. To facilitate the interaction between DC and
Ag sensitive T & B cells
17
What is true about the spleen?
A.It is the site for filtering blood borne pathogens, cellular debris and thymocytes
B.Red pulp is rich in lymphocytes and RBC
C.Is not encapsulated
D.Storage site for RBC, platelets and iron recycling
D.Storage site for RBC, platelets and iron recycling
