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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Immunology & Respiratory > Flashcards

Immunology & Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

pharynx:

A
  • aka throat
  • 3 regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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2
Q

nasopharynx region:

A
  • most superior
  • posterior to nasal cavity
  • extends down to uvula
  • passage for air only
  • lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • uvula moves up to close off nasopharynx
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3
Q

oropharynx region:

A
  • posterior to oral cavity
  • extends from uvula to epiglottis
  • passage for food & air
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection from friction
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4
Q

laryngopharynx region:

A
  • posterior to opening of larynx
  • extends from epiglottis to inferior edge of cricoid cartilage
  • passage for food & air
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection from friction
  • continues inferiorly to become the esophagus
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5
Q

function of uvula:

A
  • moves up to block nasopharynx during swallowing of food
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6
Q

larynx:

A
  • aka voice box
  • contains vocal folds that vibrate when speaking or singing
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7
Q

function of epiglottis:

A
  • guards the superior opening of the larynx
  • made of elastic cartilage
  • closes down during swallowing to block larynx & trachea (so food doesn’t enter here == choking)
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8
Q

function of palate (hard & soft)

A
  • both part of nasal cavity
  • hard palate = anterior part; formed by maxillary & palatine bones
  • soft palate = posterior part; soft tissue & skeletal muscle; ends @ uvula
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9
Q

hyoid bone:

A
  • attaches structure for tongue & muscles in floor of oral cavity to larynx
  • only free floating bone in the body
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10
Q

conducting zone regions:

A
  • external nose & nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi; bronchioles; terminal bronchioles
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11
Q

conducting zone purpose:

A
  • thick walled passages that serve to:
  • conduct air into lungs
  • warm & humidify air
  • remove dust, allergens, bacteria
  • do not permit gas exchange
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12
Q

trachea:

A
  • aka windpipe
  • extends from larynx into mediastinum
  • anterior to the esophagus
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13
Q

tracheal histology:

A
  • inner lining of tracheal wall = mucosa
  • lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mixed with goblet cells
  • cilia beat to move mucus up to laryngopharynx to be swallowed
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14
Q

tracheal anatomy:

A
  • outer layer of tracheal wall = an adventitia (tough layer of CT to give structural support
  • adventitia encloses 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage
  • these rings are C shaped & open toward esophagus (posterior part of trachea)
  • this allows the esophagus to expand during swallowing & peristalsis
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15
Q

bronchi:

A
  • trachea extends inferiorly to divide into L&R primary bronchi (last section to contain this much cartilage (rings))
  • right primary bronchi is wider & more vertical than left
  • primary bronchi divide to become secondary (lobar) & tertiary (segmental) bronchi
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16
Q

bronchioles:

A
  • smallest passages of conducting zone = terminal bronchioles still no gas exchange here
  • contains smooth muscle layer
  • site of control of air flow into alveoli
  • bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation
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17
Q

cilia function:

A
  • propel mucus to throat to be swallowed
  • mucociliary escalator
  • cleanses air before it reaches lungs
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18
Q

pulmonary ventilation:

A
  • aka breathing
    1. inspiration = gases flow into lungs (breathe in)
    2. expiration = gases flow out of lungs (breathe out)
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19
Q

alveoli:

A
  • site of gas exchange (gas-filled air space)
  • 300 million alveoli per lung = large surface area
    -intrapulmonary pressure changes with breathing
  • respiratory membrane = fused basement membranes of alveolus & capillary endothelium (alveolar epithelium)
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20
Q

vibrissae function:

A
  • hair that blocks insects & debris from entering body openings (such as nose & ears)
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21
Q

gross anatomy of R&L lungs:

A
  • right lung = shorter because liver rises higher on the right
  • left lung = taller & narrower because of the tilt of the hear (cardiac notch)
22
Q

alveoli cells:

A
  1. squamous (type I) alveolar cells = 95% of alveolar tissue
  2. cuboidal great (type II) alveolar cells = 5% of alveolar tissue; function to:
    - repair alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged
    - secrete pulmonary surfactant (oily phospholipids & proteins that coat alveoli & smallest bronchioles, preventing them from collapsing during exhalation)
23
Q

inspiration pressure relations:

A
  • intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure
  • lung volume increases = pressure inside lungs decreases
  • pleural cavity pressure = more negative
24
Q

inspiration steps in order:

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs are stretched; lung volume increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  5. air flows into lungs
25
Q

tension pneumothorax:

A
  • punctured parietal pleura
  • leads to ruptured visceral pleura
  • causes air in pleural cavity (intrapleural pressure) to = atmospheric pressure
  • results in collapsed lung
26
Q

gas exchange:

A
  • respiratory zone = site of gas exchange; allows O2 to enter blood & CO2 to leave blood & enter lungs
  • pulmonary capillaries pick up O2 & unload CO2
27
Q

Ohm’s Law:

A
  • pressure & flow relation
  • change in pressure = flow x resistance
  • flow occurs passively from high to low pressure
28
Q

nasal conchae:

A
  • aka turbinates
  • serve to create turbulence as air is directed into respiratory tract
  • humidifies the air
  • provides larger respiratory surface area
  • 3 pairs of conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
  • superior & middle conchae = features of ethmoid bone
  • inferior conchae = feature of separate facial bone
29
Q

external nose:

A
  • begins @ vestibule just inside nostril
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • has vibrissae (hair) for protection
  • made of hyaline cartilage
30
Q

asthma:

A
  • acute bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)
  • narrows the airways in response to exposure to allergens or irritants
  • causes dyspnea (tightening of chest & shortness of breath)
  • treated/relieved w/ bronchodilators (relax muscle bands) also help clear mucus
31
Q

principle respiratory muscles:

A
  • contraction of breathing muscles = thoracic cavity changes volume
    1. diaphragm
    2. external intercostals
32
Q

accessory respiratory muscles:

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid & scalene muscles
  2. erector spinae
  3. abdominal muscles
  4. pectoralis major & minor
  5. serratus anterior
33
Q

pulmonary surfactant:

A
  • secreted by cuboidal great (type II) alveolar cells
  • oily secretion of phospholipids & proteins that coats alveoli & smallest bronchioles, preventing them from collapsing during exhalation
34
Q

innate immunity:

A
  • nonspecific defenses
  • ready to defend against all foreign substances immediately
  • 1st –> 2nd line of defense
  • mucus membranes, skin, acidic environment, fluid dilution
  • 2nd line: phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever
35
Q

dendritic cells:

A
  • APCs = antigen-presenting cells
  • patrol skin & mucus membranes
  • long wispy extensions capture & phagocytize Ags = then carry them to lymph nodes
  • present Ags to T cells
  • CD4 cell gives T cells to “go ahead”
36
Q

memory cells:

A
  • produced by B cells = many give lifetime immunity
  • occurs in active humoral immunity
37
Q

arrival of white cells to injury cite:

A
  • inflammation = phagocyte mobilization
    1. leukocytosis: neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
    2. Margination: neutrophils cling to capillary wall
    3. diapedesis: neutrophils flatten & squeeze out of capillaries
    4. chemotaxis: neutrophils follow a chemical trail to injury site
38
Q

plasma cells role in immunity:

A
  • antibodies are proteins made by effector B cells (plasma cells)
  • Abs don’t destroy invaders, they form complexes for destruction:
    1. neutralization = coat a toxin/virus to prevent it from entering body cells
    2. agglutination = complex w proteins on cell surfaces; cells clump
    3. precipitation = Abs complex w soluble Ags; cause them to precipitate
39
Q

Lines of defense:

A
  • 1st = innate, nonspecific, immediate
  • 2nd = internal, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever, immediate
  • 3rd = adaptive; specific; includes: humoral (B cells) & cellular (T cells) immunity; memory created, slower response
40
Q

memory cells:

A
  • part of adaptive defense
  • humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
  • cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
41
Q

self-antigens: MHC proteins

A
  • MHC = major histocompatibility complex
  • these proteins are located on cell surface
  • function to ID body cells as “self” so lymphocytes don’t attack them
  • MHC proteins become altered when body cells are infected/cancerous
  • T lymphocytes will attack any body cells with MHC on them
42
Q

immunocompetence:

A
  • lymphocytes develop unique receptors on their cell surface = enable them to recognize & bind specific Ag without ever having met the Ag first
43
Q

clonal selection & differentiation of B cells:

A
  1. Ag triggers innate defenses (surface/internal)
  2. free Ags activate B cells
  3. clone & give rise to memory B cells
  4. plasma cells (effector B cells)
  5. antibodies produced
44
Q

exudate:

A
  • leaked fluid, rich in proteins & clotting factors & antibodies
  • brings O2 & nutrients to damaged tissue
  • exudate in interstitial fluid is picked up by lymphatic capillaries; cleansed by passing thru lymph nodes
45
Q

hyperemia:

A
  • excess amt of blood in vessels that supply specific organs
  • ex: more blood in muscles after exercise, more blood in digestive system after a meal
46
Q

humoral immunity:

A
  • acquired in several ways, all involve circulating antibodies
  • active: make own Abs & memory cells = natural (sickness then making antibodies & memory B cells) & artificial (vaccination)
  • passive: receive Abs from outside source = natural (Abs pass from mother to fetus) & artificial (Abs in gamma globulin injection from donor)
47
Q

HIV & AIDS:

A
  • HIV = virus infects & depletes helper T cells (CD4)
  • body may initiate immune responses, but without helper T cells = not enough activated B cells & cytotoxic T cells to give full response
  • as T cell count drops (<200) = AIDS (acquired immune deficiency)
48
Q

mechanism for cell killing by cytotoxic T cells (aka CD8) (NK cells)

A
  • Ag recognition
  • Ag binding
  • perforin release
  • cell perforation
  • granzyme release
  • apoptosis
49
Q

humoral immunity primary & secondary responses:

A
  • primary = initial encounter with antigen; Abs produced
  • secondary = challenge by same antigen results in faster & stronger response; many more Ab molecules; boosters, vaccinations, next meet w Ag
50
Q

MAC proteins:

A
  • membrane attack complex
  • mechanism of cell killing by cytotoxic T cells

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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