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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Endocrine & Hematology > Flashcards

Endocrine & Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Gene activation of steroid based hormones:

A
  1. steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane & binds an intracellular receptor
  2. the receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. receptor hormone complex binds to specific DNA region
  4. binding initiated transcription of mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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2
Q

Gene activation of amino acid-based hormones:

A
  1. hormone (1st messenger) binds a receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
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3
Q

thyroid gland:

A
  • major metabolic hormone
  • amino acid based hormones, yet lipid soluble
  • T4 (most used in the body) = 2 tyrosine + 4 iodine
  • T3 = 2 tyrosine + 3 iodine
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4
Q

posterior pituitary lobe:

A
  • aka neurohypophysis
  • secretes amino acid based hormones: oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone
  • infundibulum > infundibular stalk > pars nervosa
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5
Q

oxytocin:

A
  • posterior pituitary hormone
  • stimulates uterine contractions (positive feedback loop) & milk ejection
  • also for affection & bonding
    uses PIP2-calcium second messenger system
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6
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

A
  • posterior pituitary hormone
  • osmoreceptors
  • targets kidneys to reabsord water & prevent urine output
  • inhibited by diuretics & alcohol
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7
Q

anterior pituitary lobe:

A
  • aka adenohypophysis
  • secretes peptide hormones
  • all but growth hormone (GH) activate cells via cAMP
  • all but GH and prolactin are tropic
  • pars tuberalis > pars distalis
  • pars intermedia (between anterior & posterior pituitary lobes)
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8
Q

growth hormone (GH):

A
  • aka somatropin
  • directly acts on metabolism = triggers breakdown of glycogen
  • indirectly acts on growth = triggers liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
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9
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH):

A
  • activated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • stimulates secretion of T4
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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):

A
  • stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol
  • anterior pituitary hormone
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11
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):

A
  • gonadotropins
  • target ovaries & testes
  • cause secretion of steroid sex hormones
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12
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH):

A
  • controls menstrual cycle & release of egg from ovaries
  • stimulates testes to make testosterone
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13
Q

prolactin (PRL):

A
  • stimulates milk production
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14
Q

pancreas hormones:

A
  • insulin = lowers blood glucose & opens glucose transporter
  • glucagon = raises blood glucose
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15
Q

adrenal gland components:

A
  1. zona glomerulosa = mineralocorticoids (salt)
  2. zona fasciculata = glucocorticoids (sugar)
  3. zona reticularis = gonadocorticoids (sex)
    ^^^ layers of the cortex
    \/\/\/\/ under the cortex:
  4. adrenal medulla = synthesize catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
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16
Q

monocytes:

A
  • largest WBCs
  • kidney shaped nucleus
  • for inflammation & viral infection
  • once they are in tissues = become macrophages
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17
Q

lymphocytes:

A
  • immune memory
  • antibody secretion
  • look like an eye ball kinda
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18
Q

eosinophils:

A
  • 2 large lobes connected
  • abundant in mucus membranes
  • for allergies & parasites
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19
Q

basophils:

A
  • rarest WBCs
  • secrete histamine
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20
Q

neutrophils:

A
  • don’t stain dark, 3-5 lobes
  • respond to bacterial infection
  • most common type of WBC
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21
Q

diabetes insipidus:

A
  • huge output of dilute urine
  • intense thirst
  • may occur after head injury = damage to hypothalamic neurons that secrete ADH
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22
Q

diabetes mellitus:

A
  • type 1: autoimmune; inability to produce insulin; treated with insulin injections
  • type 2: most prevalent; insulin resistance; treated with diet & exercise
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23
Q

Pituitary dwarfism:

A
  • hyposecretion of growth hormone
  • abnormally short & some mental delays
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24
Q

Cushing’s syndrome:

A
  • often caused by overtreatment w/ therapeutic steroids (ex: cortisone)
  • Cushing’s Disease = ACTH secreting tumor
  • symptoms: hypercalcemia, salt & water retention, fat redistribution, moon face, buffalo hump
  • treatment: meds to control cortisol levels
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25
Q

hypothyroidism:

A
  • deficiency in thyroid hormones
  • in infants *extreme cases = cretinism
  • symptoms = delays in mental & physical growth
  • treatment = levothyroxine
26
Q

liver hormones:

A
  • insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
  • angiotensinogen = blood pressure
  • liver also stores glycogen for glyconeogenesis
27
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis:

A

1) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) travels from hypothalamus to hypophyseal portal system then to the anterior pituitary gland
2) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion of T3 & T4

28
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis:

A

1) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) travels from hypothalamus to hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary
2) CRH stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3) ACTH stimulates secretion of gluco/mineralocorticoids

29
Q

target cells for hormones:

A
  • have specific receptors for specific hormones
30
Q

where is insulin produced:

A
  • beta cells in the pancreas
31
Q

“master” endocrine gland:

A
  • hypothalamus regulates neurohormones
32
Q

iodine deficiency:

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • during pregnancy, may result in cretinism
33
Q

glucagon:

A
  • raises blood glucose levels
  • used for glyconeogenesis (free glucose is released)
  • produced in alpha cells of the pancreas
34
Q

short-term stress hormones:

A
  • adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine
  • fight or flight response
  • raises BP, heart rate, & blood sugar
35
Q

long-term stress hormones:

A
  • adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids
  • glucocorticoids = prevent inflammation & increase blood sugar
  • mineralocorticoids = aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in kidneys
36
Q

B12 deficiency results in:

A
  • pernicious anemia
  • deficiency of intrinsic factor secretion
37
Q

polyuria:

A
  • occurs when blood glucose levels are high
  • type 1 diabetes mellitus = excess glucose in urine pulls more water = more urine
  • diabetes insipidus = damage to hypothalamic neurons that secrete ADH
38
Q

hyperthyroidism:

A
  • Grave’s disease = most common type
  • goiter
  • treated w/ removal of thyroid glands or radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
39
Q

hypothyroidism:

A
  • iodine deficiency
  • mental & physical impairment
  • preventable & less prevalent due to iodized salt
40
Q

what does aldosterone regulate:

A
  • sodium homeostasis
41
Q

erythrocytes:

A
  • aka RBCs; cells that contribute to gas transport
  • biconcave shape = huge surface area to relative volume (for gas transport)
  • hemoglobin = makes up 97% of RBC
  • no mitochondria; no ATP; glycolysis used to make energy = O2 transport efficient
  • discoidal, anucleate, no organelles
  • contains spectrin protein = flexibility
  • not a complete cell
42
Q

leukocytes:

A
  • WBCs; complete formed cells
  • defend against disease
  • leap across/leave circulatory system via diapedesis
  • attracted to infection site by chemotaxis
43
Q

leukocytes in order from most prevalent to least prevalent:

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Leukocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
44
Q

platelets:

A
  • aka thrombocytes
  • not true cells; cell fragments
  • function to stop bleeding (clotting)
45
Q

electrolytes in ICF, IF, & blood plasma:

A
  • Intercellular fluid: K+ & A-
  • Interstitial fluid: Na+ & Cl-
  • blood plasma: Na+, Cl-, & A-
  • IF = 80% of ECF
  • blood plasma = 20% ECF
46
Q

blood plasma composition:

A
  • 90% water
  • dissolved solute = glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
  • O2, CO2, hormones, wastes
  • inorganic ions (electrolytes) mostly Na+ and Cl-
  • plasma proteins = globulins, fibrinogen (scab/clots), & albumin (60% of plasma proteins); carries molecules; acts as blood buffer & helps with osmotic pressure
47
Q

stem cells maturation to RBCs:

A
  • stem cells for RBCs come from red bone marrow (hemocytoblasts)
  • stem cells = hemocytoblast
  • develops into committed cell = proerythroblast
  • phase 1 = ribosome synthesis
  • phase 2 = hemoglobin synthesis & iron accumulation
  • phase 3 = ejection of organelles & nuclei; cell collapses (biconcave)
  • cell then becomes a reticulocyte (young erythrocyte)
  • finally becomes erythrocyte
48
Q

erythropoietin (EPO):

A
  • amino acid based hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
  • causes committed cells to mature into RBCs more rapidly
  • released by kidneys (some from liver) in response to hypoxia (low O2 in blood)
49
Q

steps for formation of platelet plug:

A
  1. break/tear occurs in blood wall
  2. platelets deployed to injury site
  3. platelets adhere to site & release chemicals
  4. released chemicals attract more platelets
  5. platelet plug is formed
50
Q

bone that protects pituitary gland:

A

sella turcica

51
Q

composition of blood samples:

A

top to bottom:
- 47-63% plasma
- 1% WBCs & platelets
- 37-52% RBCs

52
Q

neutrophil actions order:

A

1st to arrive at scene of injury
1. bacteria activate neutrophil
2. diapedesis = flatten & squeeze out of capillaries
3. chemotaxis = follow a chemical trail to the injury site
4. phagocytosis = ingestion of microbes
5. release oxidizing substances to destroy

53
Q

electrolyte balance maintenance:

A
  • aldosterone regulates Na+ and K+ in ECF
  • stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more Na+ & water back into blood & secrete K+ in urine
    1. hypothalamus contains corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    2. anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to adrenal cortex
    3. this stimulates mineralocorticoids that tell the kidneys to retain Na+ & water
54
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease:

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • antibodies attack thyroid gland
  • prevents T3 & T4 synthesis
  • symptoms = weight gain, fatigue, irritability
  • treatment = levothyroxine
55
Q

when is it best for a diabetic to take insulin:

A
  • 15-30 minutes before a meal
56
Q

GPA:

A
  • Growth hormone & Prolactin = Acidophils
57
Q

B-FLAT:

A

Basophils produce & secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

58
Q

polycythemia:

A
  • condition in which there are too many RBCs
  • primary vera polycythemia = cancer of erythropoietic line of bone marrow (RBCs = 11 millions) (hematocrit = 80%)
  • secondary polycythemia = dehydration or smoking (emphysema)
59
Q

Grave’s Disease:

A
  • most common type of hyperthyroidism
  • autoimmune antibodies mimic TSH
  • symptoms = protrusion of eyes (exophtalmos proptosis), goiter, rapid heart rate, muscle weakness
  • treatment = removal of thyroid gland or radioactive iodine
60
Q

hematocrit:

A
  • actual volume of RBCs in blood
  • low hematocrit = anemia
61
Q

What does “tropic” hormone mean?

A
  • hormones that target other endocrine glands

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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