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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Digestive & Renal > Flashcards

Digestive & Renal Flashcards

1
Q

compare & contrast cortical nephrons from juxtamedullary nephrons:

A

cortical nephron:
- 85% of all nephrons
- lie mostly in cortical cap of renal lobes
- short nephron loop
- efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries (porous & low pressure)
- intertwine w the renal tube
- needed for tubular reabsorption & secretion
juxtamedullary nephron:
- 15%
- glomerulus is closer to corticomedullary junction
- long nephron loop
- efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta that run parallel to nephron loops
- needed to produce concentrated urine
both:
- have glomerular capillaries
- very permeable
- afferent arteriole feeds into capillaries
- efferent arteriole drains from the capillaries
- keeps blood in the glomerulus under high pressure; needed for filtration

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2
Q

vasa recta

A
  • special capillary networks that supply blood to the medulla
  • found on juxtamedullary nephron loop of henle
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3
Q

ADH function, target in nephron, & outcome:

A
  • ADH = antidiuretic hormone; regulates final reabsorption of water
  • targets the collecting ducts = makes them more permeable to water
  • increases water reabsorption = lowers plasma osmolarity to normal
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4
Q

loop of henle function:

A
  • reabsorb water (ascending loop) & NaCl (descending loop) from filtrate = conserves water = produces concentrated urine
  • juxtamedullary nephron loop of Henle goes deeper into the medulla
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5
Q

path of urine flow:

A
  1. nephrons (cortex)
  2. pyramids (medulla)
  3. papillae
  4. minor calyces
  5. major calyces
  6. renal pelvis
  7. ureter
  8. bladder
  9. urethra
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6
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP):

A
  • directly proportional to glomerular filtration rate (GFR = how fast filtrate forms)
  • calculation: NFP = outward pressure - inward pressures
    (HPgc) - (HPcs+OPgc)
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7
Q

Brunner’s Glands:

A
  • located in duodenum submucosa
  • secrete an alkaline mucin that coats the intestineal walls to protect them from acid chyme
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8
Q

Agentaffin cells:

A
  • located in mucosa of small intestine
  • secrete serotonin into lamina propria = stimulates intestinal peristalsis
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9
Q

lactose intolerance:

A
  • lactase enzyme is defective or missing in people who are lactose-intolerant
  • 3 types of lactose intolerance:
    1. primary (most common) = developed after babies weened from milk
    2. secondary = developed after illness, injury or surgery involving small intestine
    3. congenital = (rare) babies are born lacking the enzyme lactase
  • Tx = taking lactase tablets/droplets
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10
Q

alimentary canal & layers:

A
  • alimentary canal = aka digestive tract; long tube of organs that make a pathway for food to travel through the body
  • layers (from innermost to outermost):
    1. mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
    2. submucosa = esophagus = has esophageal glands that secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus of food; small intestine = has major blood vessels/lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes
    3. muscularis externa (longitudinal muscle & circular muscle) = carry out peristalsis
    4. serosa (epithelium & CT) adventitia in the esophagus
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11
Q

what hormone stimulates peristalsis in the small intestine?:

A
  • serotonin
  • serotonin is secreted by agentaffin cells from the mucosa layer
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12
Q

intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal:

A
  • intraperitoneal organs have a mesentary holding them together = stomach, small intestine, transverse colon, liver, gallbladder
  • retroperitoneal organs = kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, nerve roots, lymph nodes, abdominal aorta & inferior vena cava
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13
Q

order in which feces would pass through the large intestine:

A
  1. cecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
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14
Q

stratified squamous epithelium location & purpose:

A
  • found in: mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, & anal canal
  • protection from friction
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15
Q

simple columnar epithelium location & purpose:

A
  • found in: stomach, small intestine & large intestine
  • secretion, excretion, & absorption
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16
Q

bile:

A
  • synthesized in the liver
  • stored in the gallbladder
  • enters from the gallbladder into the duodenum == digestion of fats (bile salts mix with fat globules in the lumen of small intestine)
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17
Q

order of swallowing (deglutition) reflex:

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter is contracted, tongue forces bolus into oropharynx
  2. uvula ascends & epiglottis bends down to keep food out of airways; upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the esophagus
  3. pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract, forcing food into esophagus inferiorly
  4. food bolus is propelled down the esophagus by peristalsis
  5. gastroesophageal sphincter opens; food enters the stomach & becomes chyme
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18
Q

teniae coli:

A
  • within the muscularis layer
  • three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
  • muscle tone of teniae coli draws colon up in haustra
    = contraction of circular muscle
19
Q

carbohydrate digestion:

A
  • salivary amylase
  • CHO digestion stops in stomach due to acid denaturing amylase
  • CHO digestion resumes in lumen of small intestine
  • pancreatic amylase secreted into duodenum
  • brush border enzymes = disaccharides: lactase, maltase, sucrase
20
Q

gomphosis:

A
  • joint between tooth & bone (anchors root of tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw)
21
Q

frenulum:

A
  • labial frenula = anchors lips to the gingivae
  • lingual frenulum = median fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
22
Q

uvula:

A
  • most posterior aspect of palate
  • helps to retain food in the mouth until ready to swallow
23
Q

rugae location & purpose:

A
  • rugae = ridges
  • palatine rugae = aid the tongue in holding & manipulating food
  • stomach rugae = longitudinal folds in mucosa & submucosa = help stomach collapse/expand like an accordion
24
Q

solvent drag:

A
  • solutes that are transported back from the renal tubule by the flow of water
  • occurs in proximal convoluted tubule
  • removes undesirable substances that have been passively reabsorbed (ex = uria & uric acid)
25
Q

splanchnic circulation:

A
  • consists of blood supply to GI tract, liver, spleen, & pancreas
    (review image)
26
Q

parasympathetic fibers:

A
  • facial nerves & glossopharyngeal nerves = innervate salivary glands
  • vagus nerves = innervate liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas & proximal half of large intestine
  • sacral spinal nerves = innervate distal half of large intestine
27
Q

sympathetic fibers:

A
  • thoracolumbar division
  • activate during emergency/exercise = inhibits digestion, salivation, & peristalsis
28
Q

amylases:

A
  • digestive enzymes for carbohydrates
  • breaks carbs down into monosaccharides = glucose, fructose, galactose
29
Q

small intestine:

A
  • regions in order: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • HCO3- (bicarbonate) is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to neutralize acidic chyme
  • brush border of small intestine = secretes proteases for protein digestion
  • bile & pancreatic lipase: secreted into lumen of duodenum = form micelles (transport lipids to brush border) = lipid digestion = micelles form chylomicrons
  • chylomicrons are too large to enter capillaries so they are absorbed into == lacteals (lymph system filters fats!)
30
Q

stomach cell types:

A
  • gastric pits on top of surface (columnar) epithelium
  • parietal cells = secrete HCl, intrinsic factor, & ghrelin (appetite-regulating hormone)
  • G cells = secrete gastrin to stimulate secretion of HCl
  • enteroendocrine cells = secrete hormones that regulate digestion
  • foveolar (mucous neck) cells = secrete mucus to protect stomach lining
  • chief cells = secrete enzymes: gastric lipase, leptin & pepsinogen
31
Q

4 regions of the stomach:

A
  1. cardia = surrounds opening where esophagus enters
  2. fundus = dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm muscle
  3. corpus (body) = large mid-portion
  4. pylorus = slightly narrower pouch in inferior aspect
32
Q

structures that increase absorption:

A
  • microvilli (brush border) contain villi
  • villi = absorptive cells (simple columnar) mixed with goblet cells
  • fat globules = emulsified by bile salts in duodenum; bile salts coat fat droplets = increases surface area for pancreatic lipase to act
  • muscularis mucosae = thin layer of smooth muscle wrinkles the mucosa to increase surface area
33
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

A
  • volume of filtrate formed each minute
  • high GFR = too little time for reabsorption; water & valuable solutes (glucose & Na+) are lost in the urine
  • low GFR = too much time for reabsorption; unwanted wastes (urea) are returned to blood
34
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT):

A
  • along w collecting duct (CD) = two final segments of kidney nephron
  • receives urine from glomerulus
  • in DCT = water & salts are secreted
35
Q

compare glomerular capillaries with systemic capillaries:

A

glomerular:
- have arterioles @ each end
- can vasodilate or vasoconstrict
- give precise control of blood flow through capillaries
- extremely permeable fenestrated capillaries
- function = filter water & solutes from blood into glomerular capsule
systemic:
- arteriole @ one end; venule (lacking smooth muscle) @ other end
- continuous capillaries (only slightly permeable to water & solutes)
- function = deliver O2 & nutrients from blood to tissue cells; pick up CO2 & wastes

36
Q

loop of henle function:

A
  • part of the nephron
  • function = reabsorb water & NaCl from filtrate of kidney tubules === concentrated urine
37
Q

location of ions that are filtered by the kidney:

A
  • occurs in the proximal tubule
  • Na+ = pumped out of tubule by Na+/K+ pump = Na+ enters peritubular capillaries = low Na+ inside tubule cell
  • Na+ in filtrate enters via transport protein
  • 100% of glucose & amino acids are cotransported with Na+
  • water is reabsorbed through aquaporins by osmosis (follows other solutes = obigatory)
  • urea = lipid soluble waste product follows water by solvent drag (goes directly through membrane)
  • Cl- & K+ & other ions are passively reabsorbed down their gradients (paracellular route = through the tight junctions)
38
Q

diabetes mellitus relation to kidneys:

A
  • high blood sugar = carriers reach a transport maximum = cannot absorb all the glucose
  • results in: glucosuira (glucose lost in urine), polyuria (water is lost in urine as it follows glucose) === dehydration & extreme thirst
39
Q

Podocytes:

A
  • “foot-cells” = wrap around glomerular capillaries
  • put down foot processes to form filtration slits
40
Q

normal vs abnormal constituents of urine:

A
  • normal = water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate ions
  • abnormal = glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, leukocytes, erythrocytes, proteins, ketone bodies
41
Q

hepatic (portal) triad:

A

actually a quintad
1. bile ducts
2. proper hepatic artery
3. hepatic portal vein
4. lymphatic vessels
5. branch of vagus nerve

42
Q

nephron processes in order:

A
  • glomerular filtration = dumps a protein-free cell-free filtrate into waste container (renal tubule); happens @ renal corpuscle == everything except blood cells & large proteins are filtered from glomerular capillaries into glomerular capsule
  • tubular reabsorption = selectively reclaims what the body needs; happens @ renal tubule == filtered substances move from filtrate into peritubular capillaries (anything not absorbed becomes urine)
  • tubular secretion = selectively adds back to waste container what the body does not need; happens along renal tubule & collecting duct; second chance to remove substances from the blood
43
Q

afferent arterioles role in vasoconstriction/vasodilation:

A
  • part of myogenic mechanism = negative feedback
  • vascular smooth muscle in afferent arterioles responds to moderate changes in systemic blood pressure (due to posture, exercise, etc.)
  • when stimulus increases systemic BP = stretch on afferent arteriole == response: afferent arteriole vasoconstricts
  • when stimulus decreases systemic BP = relax on afferent arteriole == response: afferent arteriole vasodilates

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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