Immunology pt 2 Flashcards by Montserrat Gaitan

Adaptive immunity is divided into:

Humoral immunity & Cellular immunity

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Humoral immunity (antibody mediated)

*B-cell driven
*Eliminates extracellular pathogens

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Cellular immunity (T cell mediated)

*T-cell driven
*Eliminates intracellular pathogen

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Adaptive immunity

-recognize pathogen for future so body recognizes it faster

-better protected 2nd time around

-Lymphocytes

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Humoral Immunity is:

A. Mediated by B lymphocytes
B. Develops in bone marrow
C. B cells carry multiple B cell receptors (BCRs) which is a membrane-bound derivative of the Ab (antibody)
D. B cells may be triggered to proliferate into plasma cells
E. Some B cells produce memory cells
F. All of the above

F. All of the Above

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Cellular immunity

A. Mediated by T lymphocytes
B. Matures in thymus
C. the predominant subsets are Cytotoxic (CD8) and Helper (CD4)
D. T cell receptors (TCR) help w/ antigen recognition
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

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Lymphoid system includes:

A. Lymphatic vessels
B. Primary lymphoid organs
C. Secondary lymphoid organs
D. All of the above

D. All of the above

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Which of the following are three major functions of the Lymphoid system:

A. To concentrate Ag from all parts of the
body into a few lymphoid organs

B. To circulate lymphocytes through
lymphoid organs so that antigen can
interact with rare Ag-specific cells

C. To carry products of the immune
response (Ab and effector cells) to
the bloodstream and tissues

D. All of the above

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T/F Lymphatic vessels transport lymph

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Lymphoid tissues include:

A. MALT (mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue)

B. SALT (skin-associated lymphoid
tissue)

C. GALT (gut-associated lymphoid
tissue)

D. BALT (bronchus-associated
lymphoid tissue)

E. All of the above

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Primary lymphoid organs are:

A. bone marrow
B. thymus
C. lungs
D. Only A & B

D. Only A & B

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Secondary lymphoid organs are:

A. lymph nodes
B. Spleen
C. Tonsils & adenoids
D. Appendix
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

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The spleen:

A. filters blood of old RBC/platelets/debris (by macrophages)

B. Is the site for lymphocyte proliferation + immune surveillance/response

C. stores iron for hemoglobin

D.consists of white pulp and red pulp

E. All of the above

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Antigens:

A.used to describe compounds that reacts w/ an Ab or Ag receptor on lymphocyte

B. proteins & polysaccharides induce strong responses, lipids/nucleic acids do not

C. Best antigens are proteins

D. All of the above

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Antibody “Ab” (immunoglobin):

A. Basic unit is the monomer
B. made of 4 amino acid chains (2 are heavy & 2 are light)
C.variable region that is unique to each Ab and binds to a specific ‘Fab’ region
D. constant region (Fc region that binds to Fc receptors)
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

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Protective outcomes of Ab-Ag binding:

A. Neutralization
B. Immobilization
C. Agglutination
D. Opsonization
E. Opsonization
F. Complement activation
G. Ab dependent cellular cytotoxicity
H. All of the above

H. All of the above

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Neutralization:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

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Immobilization & prevention adherence:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

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Agglutination & precipitation:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

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Opsonization:

A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the above

A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis

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Complement Activation:
A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the above

B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway

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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity:

Complement Activation:
A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the abov

C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target

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ADCC: antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

-Nonspecific cytotoxic
cells are directed to
specific target cells by
binding to the Fc region
of antibody bound to
surface antigens on the
target cells.

-Various
substances secreted by
the nonspecific cytotoxic
cells then mediate target-
cell destruction

5 classes of Ab:

A. IgM
B. IgG
C.IgA
D. IgD
E. IgE
F. All of the above

F. All of the above

IgM: A. First Ab to respond B. Primarily involved in bloodstream reactions C. most efficient in eliciting "classical" complement cascade D Effective in agglutination & precipitation reactions E. All of the above

E. All of the above

IgG: A. Dominant Ab in circulation B. Only Ab that can cross the placenta C. Antibody of memory D. Present in colostrum (first breast milk produced after birth) E. All of the above

E. All of the above

IgA: A. found in breast milk(mucous, tears, & saliva) B. Monomer in serum C. Dimer in secretions D. All of the above

D. All of the above

IgD: A. monomer B. maturation of antibody response C. <1% of total Ab in circulation D. All of the above

D. All of the above

IgE: A. Involved in allergic rxns B. Binds to Fc region on mast cells + basophils C. Exist as monomers + help emilinate parasites D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Lymphocyte characteristic include: A, Immature B. Naive C. Activated D. Effectors E Memory lymphocytes F. All of the above

F. All of the above

Immature lymphocyte: A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells) E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

Naive lymphocyte: A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells) E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

Activated Lymphocyte: A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells) E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

Effector Lymphocyte: A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells) E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

Memory Lymphocyte: A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells) E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

Antigen binds to B cell receptor: A. Ag is internalized by Bcell and degraded into peptide fragments B. Peptide fragments loaded into MHC class II molecules (HLA in humans) C. Loaded MHC class II molecules migrate to B cell surface and present peptides to T cells (antigen- presenting cells [APC]) D. All of the above

D. All of the above

T/F: In many cases, B cell needs confirmation from T helper cells

T -TH cell releases cytokines that activates B cells to divide and differentiate -If the T cell does not recognize the Ag the immune response may become “tolerant” to that antigen B Lymphocyte and Antibody Response

In a primary response, B cells undergo changes to enhance immune response. these changes are: A. Affinity maturation -B cells that bind to Ag the tightest and longest are more likely to proliferate B. Class switching: -B cells programmed to differentiate into plasma cells to secrete IgM, some develop into IgG C. Memory formation: -B cells that have undergone class switching and produce IgG Ab D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Antibody diversity involves: A. Gene rearrangement: maturing B cell selects 3 segments (V-D-J) B. Imprecise joining: nucleotide deleted/added C. Combinational associations: groupings of light/heavy chains D. All of the above

D. All of the above

T/F: B cells that have undergone class switching produce IgG antibody, the antibody of memory

Characteristics of secondary antibody response: A. Often eliminate invaders before noticeable harm is done B. Some memory B cells will differentiate into plasma cells C. Results in rapid production of antibodies D. All of the above

D. All of the above

T dependent antigens:

Evoke immune response w/ aid of T helper cells

T independent antigens: A. Can activate B cells w/o helper T cells using carbs/lipids B. Includes some polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides C. B cell receptors bind antigen simultaneously D. Immune systems of young children (~2yr) respond poorly E. All of the above

E. All of the above

T cells: A. never produce antibodies B. armed w/effectors that interact directly w/target cells C. T cell receptor does not react w/free antigen D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Antigen Recognition and response: A. Antigen cradled in groove of major MHC molecules B. MHC I: bind endogenous antigen C. MHC II: bind exogenous antigen D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Cytotoxic T “killer” cells: A. Proliferate + differentiate to destroy infected/cancerous cells B. CD8 marker C. Recognize MHC I D. Secrete cytokines E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Helper T cells: A. Help activate B cells (secret Ab), macrophages and activate killer T cells B. CD4 marker C. Recognize MHC II D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Function of CD8 cells: A. Induce apoptosis in "self" cells & graft rejection B. Nucleated target cells degrade portion of proteins C. Secretes cytokines D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Functions of CD4 cells: A. Orchestrate immune response B. Recognizr antigen presented by MHC class II molecules C. If CD4 cells recognizes antigen, cytokines are delivered D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Role of TH cells in B cell activation: A. If TH cell encounters B cell bearing peptide: MHC II complex; TH cell responds by producing cytokines B. B cell is activated in response to cytokine stimulation C. B cell proliferates and undergoes class switching D. Also drives formation of B memory cells E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Role of TH cells in macrophage activation A. Macrophages routinely engulf invading microbes resistant to lysosomal killing B. TH cells recognize macrophage with engulfed microbes resistant to killing C. TH cells activate macrophages by delivering cytokines that induce more potent destructive mechanisms D. If immune response can not deal with the microbial infection, activated macrophages can fuse to form a giant cell and together with other macrophages, PMNs, and T cells can contain the infection within a granuloma thus preventing dissemination of infection E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Negative Selection: A. Process of eliminating lymphocytes that express “self” antigens (clonal deletion) B. Failure of clonal deletion leads to production of autoantibodies C. B cell w/ BCR is exposed to Ags w/n bone marrow and all that bind “self” antigens undergo apoptosis D. Naïve B cells that recognize Ag in secondary lymphoid tissues are eliminated if they do not receive second signal from T helper cell E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Positive Selection

– Only those T cells that recognize MHC are “positively” selected * TCR recognizes a peptide:MHC complex

Negative Selection

T cells that recognize “self” antigens are negatively selected

Natural Killers" A. They lack antigen specificity * No antigen receptors B. Mediate lysis of host cells altered by stress, viral infection, or transformed into tumor cells (these cells express less class I MHC) C. Killing is regulated by the balance b/w positive signals generated by the engagement of activating receptors and negative signals from inhibitory receptors D. The expression of relatively high levels of class I MHC molecules on normal cells protects them against NK-cell-mediated killing E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Natural Killer cells: A. Involved in innate immunity B.Antibacterial immunity C. Response to lipid antigens specific to tumor cells D. All of the above

D. All of the above