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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical barrier

Dermis ( under epidermis)

Skin is the most visible barrier

A

Contains tightly woven fibrous connective tissues
—> Extremely tough

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2
Q

Physical barrier

Epidermis (Exposed to outside)

Skin is the most visible barrier

A

-Composed of many layers of epithelial cells

-Outermost sheet of cells embedded with keratin
—> makes skin water-repellent

-Outer layers slough off taking microbes with it

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3
Q

Physical barrier

Mucous membranes

A

-mucous protect these surfaces from infections

-peristalsis

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4
Q

Antimicrobial substances protect both the skin & mucous membranes. Examples are:

A

-Lysozome
-Peroxidase
-Iron-binding proteins
-Defensins
-Complement proteins

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5
Q

Lysozome

A

– Enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan (more effective on G(+) bac.)
– Found in tears, saliva, blood and phagocytes

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6
Q

Peroxidase

A

– Found in saliva, body tissues and phagocytes
– Breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen

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7
Q

Whichof the following is true regarding Iron-binding Proteins?

A. Sequesters iron from microorganisms
B. Lactoferrin
» Found in saliva, some phagocytes
C. Transferrin
» blood and tissue fluids
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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8
Q

Defensins

A

– Antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane
– Found on mucus membranes and in phagocytes

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9
Q

Normal flora

A

Protects through competitive exclusion
* Covers binding sites
– Pathogens can’t bind
* Competes for nutrients
– Nutrients unavailable for pathogens
* Stimulates immune response
– Provide exercise for the immune response

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10
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

– Formation and development of blood
cells
– Blood cells originate from
hematopoietic stem cells found in the
bone marrow

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11
Q

Red blood cells (RBC)

A

-a.k.a erythrocytes
-Carry oxygen in blood

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12
Q

Platelets

A

-Fragments of megakaryocytes
-Important component in blood clotting

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13
Q

White blood cells (WBC)

A
  • a.k.a leukocytes
  • Important in host defenses

Divided into four categories:
– Granulocytes
– Mononuclear phagocytes
– Lymphocytes
– Dendritic cells

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14
Q

Granulocytes:

A

-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytize and digest engulfed materials

(account for most of the circulating leukocytes…few in tissues except during inflammation)

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Participate in inflammatory reaction and immunity to some parasites

(few in tissues except in certain types of inflammation & allergies)

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17
Q

Basophils

A

Release histamine & other inflammation-inducing chemicals from the granules

(Basophils in circulation; mast cells present in most tissues)

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18
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes:

A

-Monocytes
-Macrophages

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19
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytize & digest engulfed materials

(In circulation; they differentiate into either macrophages or dendritic cells when they migrate into tissue)

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20
Q

Macrophages pt.1

A

Phagocytize & digest engulfed materials

(Present in virtually all tissues; given various names based on tissue in which they are found)

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21
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Gather antigen from the tissues and then bring it to lymphocytes that congregate in the secondary lymphoid organs

(Initially in tissues

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22
Q

Whichof the following is true regarding macrophages?

A. Derived from blood monocytes
B. Monocytes migrate to tissues and
differentiate into a variety of
morphological forms
C. Part of reticuloendothelial system (RES)
-2 major functions:
–>phagocytosis
–>Antigen presentation

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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23
Q

Which of te following are APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells) of the same monocyte lineage of Macrophages?

A. Dendritic cells (spleen, lymph nodes)
B. Interdigitating cells (thymus)
C. Langerhans cells (skin)
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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24
Q

Phagocytosis steps

A

1) Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called pseudopodia

2)Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome

3)Phagosome fuses w/lysosome

4)Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material

5)Digestion products are released from cell

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25
Q

Modes of Phagocyte Intracellular Killing

A

-Acidification (pH=3.5-4.0)

-Antimicrobial peptides
–>Defensins, cationic peptides

-Enzymes
–>Lysozomes, acid hydrolases

-Competitors
–>Lactoferrin, vitamin B12 binding protein

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26
Q

How does immune system recognize foreign invaders?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors and NOD proteins

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27
Q

The pattern recognition receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR):

A) Serves to recognize specific
components of foreign invaders
(LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin,
etc.)

B)TLR engagement and induction
sends a signal to the nucleus of
a cell resulting in gene
expression (cytokines,
chemokines, etc.)

C) Present on phagocytes,
endothelial cells

D)All of the above

A

D)All of the above

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28
Q

Which of the following statements regarding NOD Proteins are true?

A) They are Intracellular pathogen-
recognition molecules

B) They are Intracellular receptors
that recognize bacterial
cell wall components

C) Mutations in NOD2 found
to be a predisposing
factor in the development
of Crohn’s disease (an
inflammatory bowel
disease)

D) Their role still under study

E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

29
Q

In regards to Complement (bloodstream, tissue fluids), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Microbial cell wall components; Effect of recognition: Complement activation, opsonization, lysis

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes); EOR: complement activation, opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

A. Target (source): Microbial cell wall components; Effect of recognition: Complement activation, opsonization, lysis

30
Q

In regards to Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) (bloodstream, tissue fluids), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Microbial cell wall components; Effect of recognition: Complement activation, opsonization, lysis

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes); EOR: complement activation, opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

31
Q

In regards to C-reactive protein (CRP) (bloodstream, tissue fluids), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Microbial cell wall components; Effect of recognition: Complement activation, opsonization, lysis

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation, opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation, opsonization

32
Q

In regards to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor*; LPS-binding protein (LBP) (bloodstream, tissue fluids), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Microbial cell wall components; Effect of recognition: Complement activation, opsonization, lysis

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation,opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

33
Q

In regards to Toll-like receptors (cell surface or internal compartments), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Microbial components not found in hosts; Effect of recognition: Induces innate responses

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation,opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

A. Target (source): Microbial components not found in hosts; Effect of recognition: Induces innate responses

34
Q

In regards to NOD family receptors (intracellular), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Bacterial cell wall components. Effect of recognition: Induces innate responses

B. Target (source): Mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates (cell walls); EOR: Complement activation, opsonization

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation,opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

A. Target (source): Bacterial cell wall components. Effect of recognition: Induces innate responses

35
Q

In regards to Scavenger receptors (SRs) (cell membrane), which of the following is correct?

A. Target (source): Bacterial cell wall components. Effect of recognition: Induces innate responses

B. Target (source): Many targets; gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria, apoptotic host cells; EOR: Induces phagocytosis or endocytosis

C. Target (source): Phosphatidylcholine, pneumococcal polysaccharide(microbial membranes);EOR: complement activation,opsonization

D. Target (source): Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (gram-neg bacterial cell walls); EOR: Delivery to cell membrane

E. None of the above

A

B. Target (source): Many targets; gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria, apoptotic host cells; EOR: Induces phagocytosis or endocytosis

36
Q

Cytokines
(cell communication)

A

Cytokines (“protein messages”) bind to surface receptors; and regulate cell function

37
Q

Cytokine classes:

A

-Chemokines
-Colony stimulating factors
-Interferons
-Interleukins
-Tumor necrosis factor

38
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Chemokines?

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of imflammatory responses

A

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

39
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Colony stimulating factors?

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of inflammatory responses

A

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

40
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Interferons?

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of inflammatory responses

A

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

41
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Interleukins?

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of inflammatory responses

A

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

42
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Tumor necrosis factor?

A.Important in chemotaxis
-Enhance ability of cells to migrate to appropriate site in body

B.Important in multiplication & differentiation of leukocytes
-During immune response, directs immature leukocytes to correct maturation pathway

C.Important in control of viral infections
-Also assoc. w/inflammatory responses

D. Produced primarily by leukocytes
-Important in innate & adaptive immunity (Th1,Th2,Th3 responses)

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of inflammatory responses

A

E.Kill tumor cells
-Instrumental in initiation of inflammatory responses

43
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Chemotaxis?

A. Allow cells to adhere to each other

B. Responsible for the recruitment of phagocytes to area of injury

C.Endothelial cells lining blood vessels produce adhesion molecules that catch phagocytes as they pass by

D. Causes phagocytes to slow & leak out of vessels to area of injury

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

44
Q

Steps of Chemotaxis:

A
  1. Selectin-mucin interactions mediate rolling
  2. Chemokines/ chemoattractants induce change in integrins
  3. Integrins adhere firmly to ICAMs
45
Q

Which of the following correctly describes complement cascade?

A. Series of proteins circulating in blood & floods

B. Circulate in inactive form & stimulation of inactive proteins initiates cascade of reactions

C.Results in rapid activation of components

D. Host regulatory proteins inhibit activation of complement proteins on host cells

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

46
Q

Which of the following of the complement pathway?

A. Lysis of cells, bacteria & viruses (via Membrane Attack Complex)

B. Opsonization (prep for eating) which promotes phagocytosis

C. Binding to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, thus triggering specific cell functions (inflammation, secretion of immuneregulatory molecules (cytokines, chemokines, etc.), degranulation)

D. Immune clearance which removes immune complexes from the circulation & deposits them in the spleen & liver for proper disposal

E.All of the above

A

E. All of the above

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 Pathways of activation?

A. Alternative pathway
B. Classical pathway
C. Lectin pathway
D. Dentin pathway

A

D. Dentin pathway

48
Q

Which of the following describes Alternative pathway (bind to membrane wall)?

A. provides a means of non-specific resistance against infection w/o the participation of antibodies

B. Requires preformed C3b & factors B and D

C. Properdin helps stabilize complex

D. Initiates activation of other complement proteins
—> short half-life in fluid phase
—>Regulation of C3 by serum proteins (DAF, Factor I, Factor H)

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

49
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the Classical pathway(need initiator)?

A. Antigen-Antibody dependent (IgG or IgM)

B. Activates protein
–> Leads to activation of all complex proteins

C. Activity limited by C1-esterase inhibitor (C1INH)
–>Other inhibitors of complement pathway to prevent inappropriate activation of complement

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

50
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the Lectin pathway (needs initiator)?

A. Initiated by Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) (pattern recognition molecule)…detects mannan found on microbial cells

B. Initiated by Mannan-binding pathway (MBP)

C. MBL and MBP interact w/two mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASP & MADSP2) which creates an antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

51
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the complement cascade?

A. Composed of proteins C1-C9

B. Proteins C3, C4, C5 can split into “a” and “b” fragments

C. C3 can spontaneously split to C3a and C3b. This insures enough C3b for activation of alternative pathway

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

52
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Membrane Attack Complex (lysis of foreign cells)?

A. Complexes of C5b, C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 spontaneously assemble

B. forms donut-shaped structure called membrane attack complex (MAC)

C. Creates pores in membrane

D. Most effective on Gram-neg cells and little effect on Gram-pos bacteria

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

53
Q

Which of the following are biologically active components of complement activation?

A. Anaphylotoxins
B. Chemotactic Factors
C. Opsonins
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

54
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Anaphylotoxins?

A. C4a, C3a and C5a (in increasing order of activity) are all anaphylotoxins which cause basophil/mast cell
degranulation and smooth muscle contraction

B. C5a and C3a are potent activators of neutrophils,
basophils and macrophages and causes induction of
adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells

C. C3b and C4b on the surface of microorganisms
attach to Complement receptor 1 (CR1) on
phagocytic cells and promote phagocytosis

D. All of the above

A

A. C4a, C3a and C5a (in increasing order of activity) are all anaphylotoxins which cause basophil/mast cell
degranulation and smooth muscle contraction

55
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Chemotactic Factors?

A. C4a, C3a and C5a (in increasing order of activity) are all anaphylotoxins which cause basophil/mast cell
degranulation and smooth muscle contraction

B. C5a and C3a are potent activators of neutrophils,
basophils and macrophages and causes induction of
adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells

C. C3b and C4b on the surface of microorganisms
attach to Complement receptor 1 (CR1) on
phagocytic cells and promote phagocytosis

D. All of the above

A

B. C5a and C3a are potent activators of neutrophils,
basophils and macrophages and causes induction of
adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells

56
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Opsonins?

A. C4a, C3a and C5a (in increasing order of activity) are all anaphylotoxins which cause basophil/mast cell
degranulation and smooth muscle contraction

B. C5a and C3a are potent activators of neutrophils,
basophils and macrophages and causes induction of
adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells

C. C3b and C4b on the surface of microorganisms
attach to Complement receptor 1 (CR1) on
phagocytic cells and promote phagocytosis

D. All of the above

A

C. C3b and C4b on the surface of microorganisms
attach to Complement receptor 1 (CR1) on
phagocytic cells and promote phagocytosis

57
Q

Activation of complement cascade leads to which of these major protective outcomes?

A. Inflammation
B. Lysis of foreign cells (MAC)
C. Opsonization
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

58
Q

Inflammation occurs in response to tissue damage. Which of the following are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A. Heat (calor)
B. Pain (dolor)
C. Redness (rubor)
D. Swelling (tumor)
E.Loss of function (functio laesa)
F. All of the above

A

F. All of the above

59
Q

Which of the following is true of the inflammatory process?

A. Initiation leads to dilation of blood cells, leakage of fluid from vessels & migration of leukocytes & phagocytes

B. The squeezing of phagocytes b/w endothelial cells of blood vessels is called diapedesis

C. Certain pro-inflammatory mediators cause the diameter of blood vessels to increase

D. Increased blood flow responsible for heat & redness

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

60
Q

T/F: Increased vascular permeability leads to leakage of fluid from the blood vessels & the accumulation of fluid (edema) that swells the tissue

A

T

61
Q

T/F: During inflammation, PMNs are the first cells to arrive (w/n 30-60 mins) followed by monocytes & lymphocytes (56hrs later)

A

T

62
Q

T/F: Clotting factors initiate clotting which entraps microbes

A

T

63
Q

Which of the following are factors that initiate inflammatory response?

A. Microbial products (LPS, flagellin, and bacterial DNA) trigger toll-
like receptors of macrophages and other cells
–>Causes release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
–>TNF-alpha causes liver to synthesize acute-phase proteins (C-reactive
protein) that facilitate complement activation and phagocytosis

B. Microbial cell surface can trigger complement
–> Leads to the production of C3a and C5a
–>Leads to mast cell release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histamine

C. Tissue damage results in enzymatic cascade
–>Cascades initiate inflammation
– Coagulation cascade
– kinin synthesis
» Increased vascular permeability, endothelial cell adhesion
molecule activation, potent nerve stimulators (pain and itching)

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

64
Q

Steps of inflammation:

A
  1. Tissue damage causes release of vasoactive & chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow & capillary permeability
  2. Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells
  3. Phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
  4. Phagocytes & antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria
65
Q

Outcomes of inflammation:

A. Inflammation itself can cause considerable damage
–>Release of toxic products and enzymes from phagocytic cells is
responsible for tissue damage

B. If inflammation is limited to area of injury, damage is
usually nominal

C. If inflammation affects delicate systems, consequences
are more severe:
* Arthritis
* Inflammation around brain and spinal cord can lead to meningitis
* Septic Shock
– Response to blood-stream infections with LPS (G – bacteria)
– Fever, low blood pressure,,extensive tissue damage, wide-spread clot
formation leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

66
Q

Fever is one of the strongest indicators of infection, especially of bacterial infection. Which of the following is true regarding fevers?

A. Temperature regulation center of body responds
to fever-inducing substances called pyrogens
– Fever-inducing cytokines termed endogenous
pyrogens (IL-1, TNF-)
– Microbial products termed exogenous pyrogens (LPS)

B. Resulting fever inhibits growth of pathogens by
– Elevating temperature above maximum growth
temperature
– Activating and speeding up other body defenses

C. None of the above

D. Only A and B

A

D. Ony A and B

67
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Apoptosis during inflammation?

A. Apoptosis is programmed cell death (internal death program)

B. Apoptosis destroys cell without eliciting inflammatory response
–
C. During apoptosis, cells undergo changes to signal
macrophages

D. Changes to signal macrophages include: Nuclear DNA degradation, nuclear degeneration, blebbing,
and condensation

E. Cells are engulfed without triggering inflammatory cascade

F. All of the above

A

F. All of the above

68
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Necrosis?

A. Necrosis is the death of cells of tissues due to chemical or physical
injury

B. Necrosis leaves extensive cellular debris that needs to be removed by phagocytes

C. Necrosis induces inflammation

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Microbiology (10 decks)

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