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Immunology and Hematology > Immunology Practice Questions > Flashcards

Immunology Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How are phagocytes activated?

A

PAMPs from antigens are recognized by PRRs on the phagocyte

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2
Q

What happens when a dendritic cell is activated?

A

MHC II goes up, cytokine secretion goes up, and phagocytosis goes down

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3
Q

What kind of receptors are important for innate immunity? What do they recognize?

A

PRRs on phagocytes recognize PAMPs on antigen

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4
Q

How long does innate immunity take before it is effective?

A

It is immediate

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5
Q

What is one characteristic of antibody generated during a secondary adaptive immune response that is different than antibody from a primary immune response?

A

More specific/higher affinity maturation

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6
Q

What are 2 effector functions of antibody?

A

Opsonization

Neutralization of viruses and toxins

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7
Q

What is one important function of the Fc region of the antibody?

A

Recognition/interaction with other cells in the immune system; determines the isotype of Ig

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8
Q

What is the main function of the variable region of antibody?

A

Formation of the paratope/antigen binding site . Variable heavy and light chains determine antigen specificity

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9
Q

List 2 characteristics that make a good antigen

A

Large size

More complexity

Foreign molecule

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10
Q

List two mechanisms of generating diversity in B cell receptors. Does this also occur in T cell receptors?

A

V,D, J recombination, Also in T cells

Sloppiness, Also in T cells

Somatic Hypermutation, not in T cells

RNA splicing, Also in T celss

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11
Q

Where does somatic hypermutation occur and what is its function?

A

It occurs in the Secondary lymphoid organs and its function is to increase the diversity of B cell by affinity maturation.

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12
Q

How does class switching alter the function of the antibody?

A

It changes how the Fc region will interact with the FcR of effector cells

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13
Q

Describe the changes to immune system if a horse lacked the enzyme DNA-pk

A

No recombination would occur. This would result in a lack of immune diversity and cause immune suppression.

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14
Q

Endogenous antigens are presented on which cells in the body?

A

On MHC I on All nucleated cells in the body

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15
Q

Where in the cell is antigen processed (cut into small portions/epitopes) if they will be presented on MHC II?

A

Phagolysosome

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16
Q

List one cell type that can express both MHC class I as well as MHC class II molecules

A

Dendritic cell

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17
Q

What happens to a B cell when it is fully activated

A

Divides

Matures-differentiation into memory B cells

Secretes antibodies

Memory cells created

Migration

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18
Q

In addition to the T cell receptor (TCR) what is another part of the TCR complex?

A

CD3

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19
Q

Cytotoxic T cells have a co-receptor in addition to the TCR included in the TCR complex. What is the co-receptor and what does it recognize and bind to?

A

Co receptor: CD8

Recognizes: MHC I

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20
Q

List 2 different ways antigens are recognized by phagocytes

A

PAMPs on antigens are recognized by PRRs on phagocytes

Opsonization by antibodies/antibody recognition by phagocytes

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21
Q

List 2 ways that innate immunity is different from adaptive immunity

A

Innate immunity is non-specific/broadly specific and has no memory

Innate immunity response is fast; adaptive response is delayed

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22
Q

Describe one factor that makes the secondary adaptive immune response faster than the primary adaptive immune response.

A

Increase affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation and memory cells

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23
Q

What is one characteristic of antibody generated during a secondary adaptive immune response that is different than antibody from a primary immune response?

A

Increased antimicrobial activities, increased strength and speed of response, increased affinity

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24
Q

What would happen if a dog lacked the protein RAG 1?

A

Without RAG 1, VDJ recombination could not occur. RAG 1 is the first enzyme in this process for B and T cells and it specifically locates and binds to RSS at the VDJ to form hairpin loops.

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25
Q

List 2 PAMPs and corresponding PRR

A

PAMPs: LPS (rec. by TLR4), non-methylated DNA (rec. by TLR 3 and 9), and mannose (rec. by mannose receptors)

PRRs: TLR4, TLR3, TLR9, mannose receptors

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26
Q

List two characteristics of a neutrophil that differ from a macrophage

A

Neutrophils arrive to the site of inflammation first

Neutrophils are polynuclear while macrophages are mononuclear

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27
Q

List 2 differences between antibodies from secondary response as compared to antibodies from a primary response

A

Antibodies from secondary are mostly IgG

They are more specific to the antigen

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28
Q

What is the most common antibody isotype found in serum?

A

IgG

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29
Q

What antibody isotype is important for allergy?

A

IgE

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30
Q

Which two pathogens do antibodies neutralize most commonly?

A

Toxins and viruses

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31
Q

Eosinophils kill what type of pathogen

A

Parasites

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32
Q

Endogenous antigens are antigens that are

A

Synthesized within cells

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33
Q

Which antigen presenting cell can stimulate naïve T cells

A

Dendritic cells

34
Q

What molecule binds to and marks proteins for destruction?

A

Ubiquitin

35
Q

Fully developed antibody producing cells are called

A

Plasma cells

36
Q

B cell antigen receptors

A

Are composed of immunoglobulins

37
Q

MHC class II molecules contain

A

One alpha chain and one beta chain

38
Q

List 2 primary lymphoid organs (one for T cells and one for B cells) and 1 change that happens to lymphocytes in each organ

A

T cells: Thymus, t cells are educated

B cells: Ileocecal Peyer’s patches, mature and are released

39
Q

What is the difference between a lymphocyte in a primary lymphoid organ and the same lymphocyte when it is in a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

In the primary lymphoid organ the lymphocyte matures. In the secondary lymphoid organ the lymphocyte is functioning as a mature cell.

40
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Macrophages are antigen presenting cells, have longer lives in tissue and divide in tissue.

41
Q

How are macrophages and neutrophils “activated”? what kind of antigens and receptors are involved?

A

Antigen type: PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Receptor: PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

42
Q

What kind of pathogens to neutrophils kill?

A

Bacteria

43
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that is recognized by the immune system as foreign

44
Q

Name one enzyme involved in generating BCR diversity during the joining phase(sloppiness). What is the action of this enzyme

A

TRT-joining of the complexes together

45
Q

Is an antigen required for hyper mutation?

A

Yes

46
Q

Negative selection of T cells in the thymus deletes certain T cells. Why are these T cells eliminated

A

Because they react with host cells

47
Q

What does negative selection protect againsts?

A

Auto-immune response

48
Q

Name one professional antigen presenting cell

A

Dendritic cell, macrophage, B-cells

49
Q

Where is the antigen derived that is presented by MHC class I. Endogenous or exogenous

A

Endogenous-inside the cell

50
Q

What cell type does MHC class I present antigen to?

A

CD8 cytotoxic T-cells

51
Q

Distinguish an antigen from an immunogen

A

All immunogens are antigens but if an antigen is to small to induce an immune response it is not considered an immunogen

52
Q

Name the most abundant antibody generated during the primary immune response

A

IgM

53
Q

What is meant by heterozygous advantage in regards to MHC molecules?

A

There are multiple alleles that the molecule can choose from. It increases the ability to present proper Ag peptide to elicit a protective response

54
Q

Helper T cells have a co-receptor in addition to the TCR. What is the co-receptor and what does it recognize and bind to?

A

CD4+, MHCII

55
Q

In order to become activated T cells require 2 separate signals from the same antigen presenting cell. What are the molecules involved in the 1st and 2nd signals

A

1st signal MHC Peptide(APC), TCR (T cell)

2nd signal B7 (APC), CD28 (T-cell)

56
Q

The B cell receptor recognizes antigen on the cell surface of a B cell and when cross-linked a signal is sent to the nucleus. What structure is responsible for signaling to the nucleus?

A

CD79

57
Q

Following cross-linking of the B cell receptor and signaling through CD40 and CD40 ligand, the B cell is “activated”. What is the outcome of this activation?

A

Dividing and multiplying of the B cell

58
Q

What would happen if TCR underwent somatic hypermutation

A

autoimmunity

59
Q

What is antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

A

Indirect cytotoxic killing that needs help from immunoglobulin to be effective

60
Q

Name 1 cell type involved as an effector in ADCC

A

NK cell

61
Q

List one mechanism T regulatory cells use to suppress the response of other T or B cells

A

FAS-FASL (causes T cell apoptosis)

62
Q

List one mechanism of “breaking” tolerance

A

Molecular mimicry

63
Q

What is positive selection of T cells and what is its purpose

A

Cells are selected for a moderate affinity for self MHC-peptides process is still not fully understood

64
Q

Organ Primary/Secondary Species What occurs in this organ

Thymus A. Mammals/birds T-cell maturation

Ileal Peyer’s Primary Ruminants B-cell maturation

Patch

B. Secondary Mammals Somatic hypermutation

BALT C. Mammals/birds exposure to respiratory antigen, activation, expansion of B/T cells

D. Secondary Mammals/Birds Exposure to blood borne antigen, activation, and expansion of T and B cells

Bursa Primary E. Maturation of B cells

A

A. Primary

B. Lymph nodes

C. Secondary

D. Spleen

E. Birds

65
Q

Regarding characteristics of epitopes:

T/F The same epitope binds to both the light and heavy chain on an antibody

T/F An epitope is a single antigenic determinant binds to the idiotope/paratope on the BCR

T/F An epitope must be composed of more than one antigenic determinant that binds to T cell receptor

T/F An epitope must be 15-20 amino acids long when it binds to B cells

A

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

66
Q

What changes happen to a macrophage when it is activated?

A

increase in surface antigen receptors (PRRs, TLRs, etc)

increase in phagocytic activity/efficiency, motility

increase in production and release of cytokines for chemotaxis

67
Q

What 2 immunological events happen in the thymus?

A

T cells are educated

positive/negative selection

68
Q

What is a PAMP and why is it important to phagocytes?

A

PAMP- pathogen associated molecular pattern (ex. nonmethylated DNA)

Phagocytes have PRRs with toll like receptors that recognize patterns and activate phagocytes (ex. mannose is recognized by mannose receptors)

69
Q

How does a dendritic cell play a primary role in the innate immune response?

A

Dendritic cells in tissues “sample” antigens, present and signal to phagocytes by secreting cytokines; act as phagocytes

70
Q

Describe one factor that makes the secondary adaptive immune response “faster” than the primary adaptive immune response.

A

Memory B cells allow for faster response to previously encountered antigen (faster and higher affinity)

71
Q

What is one characteristic of antibody generated during a secondary adaptive immune response that is different than antibody from a primary immune response?

A

IgG is more prevalent in secondary response, IgM is more prevalent in primary response

72
Q

What is the paratope of an antibody and what structures is it comprised of?

A

The paratope is where the antigen binds in the antibody. It is composed of variable regions, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

73
Q

List 2 different characteristics that make a good antigen- be specific.

A

large complex molecule

protein

74
Q

If an animal lacked DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), what differences would you see in B and T cell activity?

A

no B/T cells

75
Q

Where in the immune system does somatic hypermutation occur and what is its function?

A

increases affinity

occurs in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs

76
Q

What would happen to an animal if there was NO “education” of T cells in the thymus?

A

non-functional

no positive/negative selection

would either recognize self too much or not recognize MHC

autoimmunity would occur

77
Q

Endogenous antigens are presented on which cells in the body?

A

MHC I cells on all nucleated cells

78
Q

Where in the cell is antigen processed (cut into small portions/epitopes) if it will be presented on MHC II?

A

phagolysosomes

79
Q

What are 2 differences between the dendritic cell in the tissues and one that has been activated and is in a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

inactive (tissues)- decreased surface MHCII, increased endocytosis, decreased cytokine secretion

active (secondary lymphoid organs)- increased surface MHC II, decreased endocytosis, increased cytokine secretion

80
Q

In addition to the B cell receptor (BCR) what is another part of the BCR complex and what is its function?

A

CD 79-> sends signal to nucleus

81
Q

Why is it important that there is a second signal to activate a T lymphocyte?

A

Second signal prevents autoimmunity and recognition of “self”

82
Q

Cytotoxic T cells have a co-receptor in addition to the TCR included in the TCR complex. What is the co-receptor and waht does it recognize and bind to?

A

Co-receptor -> CD8

Recognizes -> MHC I

Immunology and Hematology (16 decks)

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