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Immunology and Hematology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the majority of RBCs produced?

A

Specialized cells in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

RBCs; transport O2/CO2, important in H+ buffering

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3
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

WBCs; body defenses, phagocytosis and killing of microbes, cellular and humoral immunity

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4
Q

Function of platelets

A

primary function is hemostasis, also plays a role clotting, wound repair, and in inflammatory processes

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5
Q

What’s different about avian, reptilian and amphibian RBCs?

A

nucleated

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6
Q

PCV vs. Hematocrit

A

PCV- packed cell volume (% of RBCs vs. plasma)

Hematocrit- PCV from a machine

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7
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

92% water, 8% solids- nutrients, proteins, hormones and enzymes, electrolytes (minerals)

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8
Q

Functions of Plasma

A

transport of nutrients, transport of by-products and waste, transportation of cells, maintain homeostasis (pH, temperature, etc)

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9
Q

Nutrients include:

A

glucose, lipids, triglycerides, amino acids

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10
Q

Proteins include:

A

albumin and globulin

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11
Q

Buffy coat contains:

A

leukocytes and platelets

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12
Q

Difference in appearance when there is hemolysis, lipemia and icterus index

A

Hemolysis- reddish plasma
Lipemia- fatty, “creamy”, occurs if animal just ate
Icterus index- yellowness of plasma appearance

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13
Q

Neonate plasma protein concentration vs. adult concentration

A

Neonate- 4-6 g/dL

Adult- 6-8 g/dL

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14
Q

Albumin

A

single homogenous protein- small molecular weight, contains minimal carbs
transport functions- organic/inorganic substances,cations, metabolites, certain hormones, poorly soluble drugs, toxic substances
osmotic pressure

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15
Q

Specific Globulins

A

important ones: anti-thrombins, inhibits thrombin and certain other coagulation factors

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16
Q

Transferrin

A

beta globulin, 2 binding sites for iron; correlates with total iron binding capacity; iron transport throughout the body

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17
Q

Ferritin

A

iron-containing protein, primarily found inside cells

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18
Q

Fibrinogen

A

increases with inflammation (acute phase protein); present in plasma but not serum because it is used in the clotting process

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19
Q

Chylomicrons

A

syntehsized/secreted from intesting; transport exogenous cholesterol, fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed from digested food

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20
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoproteins; primarily synthesized by the liver, transport bulk of the endogenous triglycerides; hydrolyzed by lipases in tissues and residual VLDLs are transformed into LDLs

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21
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoproteins; metabolic products from hepatic processing of VLDL remnants; core rich in cholesteryl ester, accounts for majority of cholesterol circulating in the blood; major mechanism transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues; not as common in animals

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22
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoproteins; most dense, precursors formed in the liver and complete molecules formed in plasma by addition of remnants from other lipoproteins; transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in a process termed reverse cholesterol. “good cholesterol”

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23
Q

Is a stroke related to cholesterol plaque common in animals (excluding non-human primates)?

A

NO

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24
Q

Average MCV

A 
mean cell volume
Chicken highest (115); dog (70); cat/horse (45); goat lowest (28)
25
Q

Replacement time for cells

A

neutrophils recycle 10 hrs, platelets 10 days, RBCs 100 days

26
Q

When looking for cancer what signs do you look for first?

A

Neutropenia-> low platelets-> anemia

27
Q

When looking to see if anemia is regenerative, how long should you wait?

A

3-4 days; amount of time it takes for RBCs to start to regenerate

28
Q

What can cause hypochromasia?

A

iron deficiency

29
Q

What can be a reason for polychromasia anisocytosis?

A

regenerative anemia

30
Q

Anisocytosis

A

cells of different size

31
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

general term for presence of abnormally shaped erythrocytes; normal in goats and young cattle

32
Q

Antithrombin III

A

inhibits several coagulation factors (thrombin, IXa, and Xa); requires GAGs to help bind up thrombin

33
Q

Blood volumes as body weight

A

dogs 8-9%, cats 6-7%

34
Q

Transferrin

A

the major Fe binding protein in plasma, responsible for Fe transport throughout the body, total iron-binding capacity of serum is a measure of serum; binds to Fe+3

35
Q

Ferritin

A

found in lower concentrations in plasma than transferrin, primarily found inside macrophages, good indication of total body Fe

36
Q

Know difference between VLDL, LDL, HDL1 and HDL2

A

fatty/large/least dense–> most protein/small size/most dense

VLDL->LDL->HDL1->HDL2

37
Q

In mammals, where are RBCs and WBCs produced?

A

produced within the extravascular spaces of bone marrow

38
Q

In birds, where are RBCs and WBCs produced?

A

WBCs- extravascular spaces of bone marrow

RBCs- occurs within the vascular sinus of bone marrow

39
Q

Stem cells vs. Progenitor cells

A

stem cells are capable of self renewal
stem cells capable of forming many cell lines are multipotent
stem cells producing only one cell line are unipotent
progenitor cells can divide and differentiate by are NOT capable of self renewal

40
Q

A series of diagnostic tests must be done on an 8.8 pound cat. A total of 40 mL of blood will be taken. This represents approximately _____% of the total blood volume of this animal.

A

8.8 lbs x 1 kg/2.2 lbs= 4 kg = 4000 g
4000 g=4000 mL
4000 mL x 0.07 (blood volume) = 280 mL
40/280= 1/7= 14.3%

41
Q

Drepanocytes

A

fusiform or spinde-shaped cells; appearance is normal in some species (deer), merely reaction of the blood cell to outside oxygen

42
Q

Echinocytes

A

common in pig blood; “crenated cells”; equal length spicules; large amounts can be indicative of disease states such as renal disease, lymphoma and snake envenomation, also chemotherapy or just after exercise in horses

43
Q

Fragmentation morphologies

A

includes acanthocytes, keratocytes and schistocytes

44
Q

Acanthocytes

A

seen in dogs with liver disease, indicative of hemangiosarcoma if liver values are normal, can also indicate DIC or glomerulonephritis

45
Q

Keratocytes

A

seen in some animals with liver disorders, iron deficiency anemia; seen with other fragmentation morphology cells such as acanthocytes

46
Q

Stomatocytes

A

often seen as artifact on thick blood smears; look like mouths

47
Q

Basophilic stipling

A

Important: part of regenerative anemia, primarily in ruminants

48
Q

Nucleated erythrocytes

A

generally metarubicytes; part of regenerative anemias; can also indicate marrow injury

49
Q

Schistocytes

A

can be seen in animals with severe iron deficiency, liver disease, glomerulonephritis, and DIC; seen with other fragmentation morphologies of RBCs

50
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies (Micronuclei)

A

low numbers are normal in horses and cats do to spleen morphology; seen in increased numbers in regenerative anemias, animals with splenectomy, taking glucocorticoids, or dogs on chemotherapy

51
Q

Heinz bodies

A

pale staining regions on outer rim of RBCs; shows oxidative damage to hemoglobin; most common in cats; seen in animals with diabetes, lymphoma and hyperthyroidism; increased numbers can be seen with onion/garlic ingestion, medication poisoning (acetominophen, methionine and phenazopyridine); large animal can be caused by copper toxicity (sheep/goats). red maple leaf consumption in horses/alpacas

52
Q

Protozoal organisms

A

Babesia (dogs), Cytauxzoon(cats)

53
Q

Rickettsial organisms

A

Anaplasma

54
Q

Viral organisms

A

Distemper, can see distemper inclusions on well stained slides

55
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

associated with Heinz bodies, further oxidant injury to the RBC, will be removed in the spleen; seen in same cases as animals with Heinz bodies

56
Q

Cyanotic-appearing skin

A

hypoxemia; usually a result of methemoglobin where hemoglobin cannot bind to oxygen; oxygen cage does not help since the RBCs actually can not bind the oxygen, blood will appear dark “Hershey syrup blood”, use spot test to verify; caused by oxidation damage, same substances that increase Heinz bodies cause this

57
Q

Clinical signs of Methemoglobin

A

cyanotic appearing skin

decreased exercise tolerance (80%)

58
Q

Anemia of chronic inflammation

A

most common type of anemia seen clinically
occurs with chronic illnesses or infections, cancers or inflammatory disorders
body “hides iron”
erythroid cells are negatively regulated by cytokines that affect iron metabolism
Pro-inflammatory cytokines involved: TNF-alpha, IL1/6/10

Immunology and Hematology (16 decks)

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