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E1 Inflammationm Infection And Healing > Immunology + Innate immunity > Flashcards

Immunology + Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protect against foreign pathogens (invaders/dangers) or substances (antigens)

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2
Q

Microbes are pathogenic when:

A

They manage to penetrate the immune defense

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3
Q

What is dysbiosis and what does it lead to?

A

Imbalance in bacteria, leading to immune overstimulation resulting in inflammation

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4
Q

how does our body recognize pathogens?

A

the cells of the immune system recognize molecules that are different than its own molecules

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5
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

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6
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non-specific, quick reaction, universal, aways ready

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7
Q

what are some barriers associated with the innate immune system?

A

skin, mucus membranes, cough, sweat, stomach acid, enzymes, toxic molecules

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8
Q

what are the cellular components of innate immunity?

A

epithelial cells, phagocytes, natural killer cells

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9
Q

what are the cells of adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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10
Q

what caused us to have active immunity?

A

result from recombination activating gene (RAG) that allows genes for somatic recombination encoding B/T cell receptors (allowing specificity for different pathogens)

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11
Q

Adaptive immunity protects us how?

A

allows protection after infection, learns through experience, antigen specific, memory

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12
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

involves combating pathogens with antibodies

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13
Q

What are alternate names for antibodies?

A

gamma globulins or immunoglobulins

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14
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

antibodies can be transferred between individuals to provide protection (ex mother antibodies through placenta)

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15
Q

what is active immunity?

A

natura infection or vaccination engage the immune defense to make their own antibodies

long lived protection through immune system’s memory

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16
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

involves work of T cells eradicating the infectious agents and aid other cells

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17
Q

transferring of white blood cells _____

A

confers immunity

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18
Q

how do immune cells arise?

A

from hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells

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19
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

process that allows HSC to differentiate into many different types of blood cells

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20
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

in the bone marrow the HSC cells differentiate into two major cell types, what are they?

A

common myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells

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22
Q

what are some examples of myeloid progenitor cells?

A

RBC, megakaryocytes, monocytes/macrophages (and dendritic cells), granulocytes

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23
Q

what do dendritic cells do?

A

-capture microbial and other antigens and display them to lymphocytes
-present antigen to T cells and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

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24
Q

what does a neutrophil do?

A

direct harm to pathogens, prominent at wounds, phagocytic, produce digestive enzymes and free radicals
also vasodilation + inflammation

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25
Q

what does a eosinophil do?

A

antiviral + anti-parasite
induces ROS, vasodilation, basophil degranulation, chemokines

26
Q

what is the difference between a basophil and a mast cell? what do they do?

A

Basophil- in blood
mast cell- in tissues

inflammation and allergies
histamine, heparin, leukotrienes

27
Q

what does heparin do?

A

increase blood flow

28
Q

what does leukotrienes do?

A

regulate inflammation

29
Q

what do monocytes/macrophages do?

A

phagocytosis
contain digestive enzymes, antimicrobia peptides, produce free radicals (to kill pathogens), vessel diaating substances

30
Q

How do macrophages help with tissue repair?

A

resolve inflammation by producing anti- inflammatory signals and signal tissue healing cells to arrive

31
Q

B cells are

A

humoral

32
Q

T cells are

A

cell mediated

33
Q

what do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc or CTL) do?

A

lyse infected cells

34
Q

what do T helper and T regulatory cells do?

A

guide behavior of other cells (like CTL or B cell)

35
Q

B lymphocytes express:

A

B cell receptors that bind antigens (present antigen in secondary response)

36
Q

what are some key features of B lymphocytes?

A

produce antibodies, differentiate into plasma cells, humoral immunity, memory

37
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

extracellular killng

38
Q

what do T helper cells do?

A

UP regulation of immune response

39
Q

what do T regulatory cells do?

A

down reg of immune response

40
Q

What do natural killer T cells do?

A

share properties with B, T and NK cells

bind foreign lipids, self lipids and glycolipids

activate NK cells

produces large quantity of cytokines

41
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

destroy cells that do not present MHC I
tumor surveillance

42
Q

what are clusters of differentiation?

A

surface molecules that differentiate lymphocytes (often the only way to differentiate them)

43
Q

B lymphocytes develop in contact
with the ______ of the _______

A

stromal cells of the bone marrow

44
Q

T lymphocytes develop in contact
with the ______ of the ________

A

stromal cells of the Thymus

45
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Areas where lymphocytes encounter antigens, become activated, undergo clonal expansion, and differentiate into effector cells (Lymph nodes, Spleen, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT))

46
Q

At the site of infection -
Endothelium expresses intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and produces:

A

chemokines

47
Q

what is margination?

A

Immune cells adhere to endothelial cells by their adhesion molecules (integrins) which bind to ICAM

48
Q

what is extravasation?

A

Using ICAM molecules for traction, the leukocyte pushes its
way between the cells of the endothelium and enters the surrounding tissue

49
Q

what is the hallmark of adaptive immunity

A

memory

50
Q

When a foreign antigen enters the body through a splinter into his sole, which of the following portions of the lymphoid system is the antigen MOST likely to reach FIRST?

(a) Spleen
(b) Liver
(c) Thymus
(d) Regional lymph nodes
(e) Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

(d) Regional lymph nodes

51
Q

What two distinct strategies are used for innate immunity?

A

-microbial non-self
-missing self (no MHC)

52
Q

what are some microbial non-self molecules?

A

-PAMPS
invariant
products of metabolic pathways
unique molecules produced by microbes

53
Q

what are examples of PAMPs?

A

Lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria

Double-strand RNA produced by most viruses

54
Q

what are Endogenous danger molecules (DAMPs)?

A

Damaged or dying cells release endogenous danger molecules and activate the innate immune system

55
Q

what receptor is used for PAMPs?

A

pattern recognition receptors
(variations are intracellular, surface and secreted)

56
Q

The binding of PAMPS to PRR triggers _______, Leading to _____

A

immune responses

Leads to the production of molecules that control adaptive
immunity (PAMPs: PRR links innate to adaptive immunity)

57
Q

How do NK cells recognize targets?

A

activation signaling
-immunoreceptor tyrosine-
based activation motifs
(ITAMS)
– Phosphorylation of protein
tyrosine kinase

58
Q

What occurs in normal cells that express MHC?

A

no activation, inhibitory receptors bind to the MHC I resulting phosphorylation (undoes that the activation signaling would do?

59
Q

what are ways to identity the inflammatory response is on?

A

erythrocyte sedimentation test
& C reactive protein (macrophages make liver make it)

60
Q

what is a conventional dendritic cell?

A

– response to activation by microbes’ PAMPs
– display microbial antigens to T lymphocytes

61
Q

What is the first layer of defense for the
innate immune system?
A. Epithelial layers
B. Innate lymphoid cells
C. NK cells
D. Neutrophils
E. Macrophages

A

A. Epithelial layers

62
Q

After a skin infection, which immune cells play the key role in tissue healing?
A. Cytotoxic T cells
B. Eosinophils
C. Macrophages
D. Mast cells
E. B lymphocytes

A

C. Macrophages

E1 Inflammationm Infection And Healing (9 decks)

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