immunology and disease Flashcards
What does pathogenic mean
organism that causes damage to its host
what is a carrier
a person who shows no symptoms when infected by a disease but can pass it on to another individual
what is a disease reservoir
where a pathogen is normally found and may be source of infection
what is an endemic
a disease which is always present at low levels in an area
what is an epidemic
where there is a significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease often associated with a rapid spread
what is a pandemic
an epidemic occuring worldwide , crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people
what is a vaccine
using non pathogenic forms, products or antigens of microorganisms to stimulate immune response which confers protection from subsequent infection
what are antibiotics
substances produced by microorganisms which affect the growth of other microorganisms
what is a vector
a living organism which transfers disease from one individual to another
what is a toxin
chemical produced by microorganism which causes damage to host
what are antigenic types
organisms with the same or very similiar antigens on the surface
what is cholera caused by
gram negative bacteria
what tissues does cholera affect
gut lining
what can prevent cholera
good hygiene
water treatment
clean drinking water
what are the treatments for cholera
antibiotics and rehydration
what causes tuberculosis
bacteria (bacillus)
what is the mode of transmission used by tuberculosis
airborne droplets spread by coughing and sneezing
what tissues does tuberculosis affect
lungs and lymph nodes in neck
how is tuberculosis prevented
BCG vaccination for children
how is tuberculosis treated
long course of antibiotics
what causes smallpox
DNA containing virus
what is mode of transmission of smallpox
inhalation or transmitted in saliva or bodily fluids
what is used for smallpox prevention
vaccination
what treatments are used for smallpox
pain relief
fluids
vaccination
what causes malaria
protoctistan (plasmodium)
what tissues are affected by malaria
liver cells and red blood cells
what are the prevention methods for malaria
nets, clothing
insect repellant
what are the treatments for malaria
vaccine and drug treatment
what is a virus
intracellular parasite that use a cells metabolic pathways to produce more virus particles
how do viruses cause pathogenic effects
cell lysis
cell transformation which can cause cells to become cancerous
immune system supression
production of toxic substances
what is a bacteriostatic antibiotic
prevent bacterial growth
what are bacteriocidal antibiotics
kill bacteria
what is the viral mode of reproduction
- virus becomes attached and binds to a target epithelial cell
- cell engulfs virus by endocytosis
- viral contents released viral RNA enters nucleus and is replicated by RNA polymerase
4.viral mRNA used to make new viral proteins - new viral particles are made and released into extracellular fluid and cell continues to make new virus
what type of immune cells does the celll mediated response make
cytotoxic (Killer) T cells
memory T cells
helper T cels
what do killer T cells do
cause lysis of a target cell
what do memory T cells do
remain dormant until host is next exposed to antigens
what do helper T cells do
cooperate with B lymphocytes to initiate antibody response
where do T lymphocytes come from
stem cells in bone marrow
activated in the thymus
where do B Lymphocytes come from
come from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes
what is an antibody
molecule , usually proteins on the surface of a cell that cause an immune response
Y shaped glycoprotein produced by B lymphocyte plasma cells which bind to non self antigens
what structure do antibodies have
quaternary held together by disulphide bonds
what is the role of antibodies
neutralisation - blocks viral binding sites
agglutination
cell lysis
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