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A level biology > animal transport > Flashcards

animal transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the features of a respiratory system

A

suitable medium to carry materials
pump e.g heart to move blood
valves to maintain flow in one direction
in some animals
respiratory pigment to increase oxygen transportation
branching network so things can be transported around the whole body

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2
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

blood does not move around the body in vessels bathes tissues in cavity called haemocoel

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3
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

blood moves in vessels

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4
Q

What type of organism has an open circulatory system

A

insects
Have a long dorsal shaped heart that runs the entire length of the body and pumps blood at low pressure into the haemocoel
Oxygen diffuses directly from the tracheoles into the tissues so is not carried in blood

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5
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

blood only passes around the body once

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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system example

A

mammals

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7
Q

What is an example of a single circulatory system

A

fish
Ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the capillary network reduces its pressure
Oxygenated blood is carried to tissues and then deoxygenated blood returns to the atrium

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8
Q

Which organisms contain respiratory pigment

A

earth works and mammals

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9
Q

what are the features of arteries

A

elastic tissue
not permeable
smaller lumen
oxygenated blood flows at high pressure and speed away from the heart

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10
Q

what are the features of veins

A

thin muscular wall
small amount of elastic tissue
not permeable
transports deoxygenated blood to the heart at low pressure and speed
semi lunar valves to stop backflow

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11
Q

what are the features of capillaries

A

no muscle or elastic tissue
large lumen
permeable
no valves
links arteries to veins so blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated

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12
Q

what is the tunica intima

A

single layer of endothelium which reduces friction

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13
Q

what is the tunica externa

A

a layer of collagen fibres which prevent overstretching

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14
Q

what is the tunica media

A

elastic fibres and smooth muscle
thicker in arteries than veins
elastic fibres stretch to accomodate changes in blood flow and recoil to push blood along arteries which is felt as the pulse
smooth muscles contracts to regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure

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15
Q

what are the functions of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
thick muscular walls withstand the high pressure and they branch into arterioles

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16
Q

what is the function of capillaries

A

form a network that penetrates all tissues and organs blood collects into venules which take blood into veins to return it to heart

17
Q

what is the function of veins

A

larger diameter and thinners walls than than arteries and lower blood pressure
carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

18
Q

what can happen if veins dont work correctly

A

varicose veins or heart failure

19
Q

what happens in the atrial systole

A

the atrium walls contract and the blood pressure in the atria increases , this pushes the blood through the tricuspid and bicuspid valves down into the ventricles , which are relaxed.

20
Q

what happens in the ventricular systole

A

The ventricular walls contract and increase the blood pressure in the ventricles. this forces blood up through the semi - lunar valves ,out of the heart , into the pulmonary artery and the aorta . This blood cannot flow back from the ventricles into the atria because the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are closed by the rise in ventricular pressure . The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the aorta carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body .

21
Q

what happens in diastole

A

The ventricle relax . The volume of the ventricles increases and so pressure in the ventricles falls. This risks the blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta flowing backwards into the ventricles . That tendency to flow backwards causes the semi - lunar valves at their bases to shut , preventing blood to the rest of the body . The atria also relax during diastole , so blood from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins enters the atria and the cycle starts again.

22
Q

what is the sinoatrial node (san)

A

sinoatrial node is in the the walls of the right atrium . it generates electrical impulses which spread to left and right atria so they contract together .

23
Q

what is the purkinje fibres

A

excitation is transmitted to purkinje fibres in ventricle walls which carry it up through muscles in the walls . impulses cause cardiac muscle in each ventricle to contract which pushes blood up to the aorta and pulmonary artery and empties ventricles.

24
Q

what is the atrioventricular node ( AVN )

A

introduces a delay in the transmission of electrical impulse . relays electrical impulses to the left and right ventricles.

25
Q

what is the bundle of His

A

AVN passes the excitation down the nerves of the bundle of this to the apex.

26
Q

What is myogenic contraction

A

heartbeat Is initiated within the muscle cells and not dependant on nervous or hormonal stimulation

27
Q

What is an ECG

A

trace of voltage changes produced by the heart detected by electrodes on the skin

28
Q

What does the P wave show

A

voltage change of sino atrial node and contraction of atria

29
Q

What does the PR interval show

A

the time between the start of P wave and the QRS Complex
Time for excitation to spread from atria to ventricles

30
Q

What does the QRS complex show

A

depolarisation and contraction of ventricles

31
Q

What does the T wave show

A

repolarisation of ventricle muscles

32
Q

What would the ECG of someone that has had a heart attack look like

A

wide QRS complex

33
Q

What would the ECG of someone with reduced blood flow to the heart look like

A

changes in height of ST segment or t wave

34
Q

Where is blood pressure the highest

A

In aorta and large arteries

35
Q

Why does blood flow faster in veins than capillaries

A

because veins have a larger diameter lumen

36
Q

What is blood made up of

A

45% cells and 55% plasma

37
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells

A

biconcave discs -large surface area so more oxygen carried and no nucleus so more oxygen can be carried

38
Q

What is plasma and what can it carry

A

90% Water with solutes like glucose , amino acids , vitamin c and b , waste products e.g urea and hormones
Also distributes heat

39
Q
A

A level biology (10 decks)

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