cell membranes and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of molecule does the phospholipid component let across the membrane

A

lipid soluble and not water soluble

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2
Q

what characteristics does a phospholipid molecule have

A

they can form bilayers - one sheet opposite the other
hydrophillic heads on the inner and outer layers to interact with water in the cytoplasm and outside the cell hydrophobic heads facing inside of cell

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3
Q

what are intrinsic proteins

A

they extend across both surfaces of the bilayers and include transport proteins which use active or passive transport to move molecules or ions across the membrane

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4
Q

what do extrinsic proteins do

A

provide structural support and form recognition sites by identifying cells and receptor sites for hormone attatchment

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5
Q

where are extrinsic proteins found

A

on either surface of the bilayer

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6
Q

where does cholesterol occur in membranes and what is the function

A

in between the phospholipid molecules
makes the membrane more stable at higher temperatures and more fluid at lower temperatures

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7
Q

what is the glycocalyx

A

the carbohydrate molecule around an animal cell
some cells form hormone receptors or in cell to cell adhesion

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8
Q

how does the glycocalyx form

A

when the extracellular proteins are glycosylated

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9
Q

why is the model called fluid mosaic

A

individual proteins can move relative to their layers (fluid )
embedded proteins in the bilayer vary in shape size and in their distribution between the phospholipids

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10
Q

how do small molecules like o2 get across the membrane

A

they move between the phospholipid molecules and diffuse across the membrane

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11
Q

how do lipid soluble molecules get across the membrane e.g vitamin a

A

they dissolve in the phospholipid and diffuse across the membrane

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12
Q

how do water soluble molecules e.g glucose get across the membrane

A

they cant diffuse so they have to pass though the intrinsic protein molecules which form water filled channels across the membrane so it is selectively permeable to water and some solutes

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13
Q

what factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration gradient
thickness of exchange surface or distance of travel
surface area of membrane
temperature
size of diffusing molecules

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14
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

the passive movement of a molecule or ion down a concentration gradient from a region of high to low concentration

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15
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

passive transfer of molecules/ions down a concentration gradient across a membrane by channel or carrier protein molecules in the membrane

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16
Q

what are carrier proteins used for

A

diffusion of larger molecules e.g sugars and amino acids

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16
Q

what are channel proteins

A

molecules with pores lined with polar groups/ hydrophillic ions so that water soluble molecules can pass through

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16
Q

when do channel proteins open and close

A

according to the cells needs

17
Q

how do carrier proteins transport molecules

A

a molecule attatches to binding site on the carrier protein which changes shape and releases molecule on the other side of the membrane

17
Q

what are the differences between carrier and channel proteins

A

carrier proteins are slower transport
channel proteins only transport water soluble , carrier proteins transport soluble and insoluble molecules
carrier proteins also allow active transport

18
Q

what is osmosis

A

net passive diffusion from of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

19
Q

what is water potential

A

the measure of free energy of water molecules and the tendency for water to move

19
Q

what does solute potential measure

A

how easily water molecules move out of a solution

20
Q

how does solute potential work

A

the more solute , the more tightly the water molecules are held so lower tendency of water to move out of solution
higher conc solution= more negative solute potential

21
Q

what is pressure potential

A

hydrostatic pressure exerted by the cell contents on the cell wall
equal and opposite to pressure exerted by cell wall on cell contents

22
Q

how do you work out the water potential

A

pressure potential + solute potential

23
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

when the WP is the same in external solution and solution inside of cell
no net movement of water

24
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

when the external solution has a lower WP than the solution inside the cell
water flows out of the cell

25
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

when the WP is higher in the external solution than the WP of the solution inside of the cell
water flows into the cell

26
Q

what type of solution does plasmolysis occur in

A

hypertonic

27
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

retraction of cytoplasm and cell membrane from the cell wall as the cell loses water through osmosis
cell becomes flaccid and floppy

28
Q

What processes use active transport

A

muscle contraction
Mineral uptake into plant root hairs
Nerve impulse transmission

29
Q

How does active transport occur

A

Through intrinsic carrier proteins spanning the membrane

30
Q

What is active transport

A

movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against concentration gradient using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP

31
Q

What happens when the cell is turgid

A

the cytoplasm is pushed against the cell wall

32
Q

What happens when the cell is at incipient plasmolysis

A

Cytoplasm is beginning to pull away from the cell wall

33
Q

What happens when the cell is plasmolysed

A

Cytoplasm is completely pulled away from the cell wall

34
Q

How is haemolysis caused

A

when a RBC is put into pure water water enters through osmosis and it bursts

35
Q

How is crenation of a red blood cell caused

A

when its put into a hypertonic solution and all water leaves through osmosis

36
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the active process of the cell membrane engulfing material bringing it into the cell in a vesicle

37
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the active process of the cell membrane engulfing material bringing it into the cell in a vesicle

38
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

the active process of of the cell membrane engulfing large particles bringing them into the cell in a vessicle

39
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the active process of the cell membrane engulfing droplets of fluid bringing them into the cell in a vesicle