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xCase 17 SBA > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe briefly the innate immune system

A

will recat to nything foreing made up of

complement

Myeloid progenitro cells (neutorpgils, macrophagses, dendiritc cell, basophills, mast cells, eosinohpils)

Lymphoid line ( natiral killer cells)

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2
Q

Describe briefl Adaptive immuntiy

A

Lymphoid line

lymphocytes

mostly live in lympahtic system

T cells and B cells

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3
Q

what are PAMPs

A

Pathogren associated molecular patterns

recognsied by pettern recogntiion receptors on innate immune cells

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4
Q

what are DAMPs

A

Damage associated moelcular pattern- released by body cells whe dmaaged- binds to innate cells resulting in release of cytokines to promte

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5
Q

which 3 immune cells are involed in Phagocytosis

A

Macrophafes,. neutrophils, denditic cells,

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6
Q

which cells are professional antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages, dendriitc cells, B cells

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7
Q

Will cells of adaptive immunity bind to any antigens?

A

Antigen msut be presented on an MHC molule in order to be reocgnsied by adpative immune system

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8
Q

Describe how Antigen presenting cell present antigens to Cd4 T helper cells?

A

PAPC- opresent antigen on MHC II

if the antigen matches the T cell receptor then they can bind

but alos need

B7 on antigen presentincell—-> Cd28

both needed to stop inapproproiate T cell activation

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9
Q

where would we find MHC I ? in what cells?

A

any nucleated cell hs MHC I molecule on itn surface

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10
Q

describe the role of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and what activated them

A

Cytotic CD8 T cells have

  • Cd+ moelcule on surface
  • TCR and CD28 molecule
  • not activated by MHC II profresional on antigen cell
  • need to be presetned on MHC I
  • if the cell also has B7 (bind to cd28 on T ceell)
  • will kill the cell
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11
Q

what is the purpose of MHC I

A

take proteins in cytosl made by cell and present on the surface to passing cytotoxic C8 + cells

Cd8+ cell will react if cel producing viral proteins thta have been presented

need B7 (cd29 intercation too to get acitivation

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12
Q

What happens if a virus is stopping the production of MHC I in a cell so it cannot present viral proteins ?

A

Naturl KILLER CELL- CHECK to see if cells are producting MHC I if not will kill assume virus infected cell

will also work on Cancer cells (but cancer cells ahve ways aroundt this….)

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13
Q

Describe the Process of T cell maturation (once activated)

A

virgin—> activated ( T cell maturation)

Antigen on MHC II on APC travels to lymph node (denditice cell)

binds to

TCR- MCHII

B7—-> Cd28

with cytokines and other signals becomes activated

depending on what type of cytokines and antigne will determine what type of T cell it will become

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14
Q

what are

Th1

Th2

Th17

produced in response to during maturation

A

TH1- bacteria and viruses

Th2- parasites and bacteria (gut linign)

th17 fungi

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15
Q

describe the maturation of LKiller T cell Cd8

A

infected cell presenting antigen on MHC1

need helepr T cell to bind killer T cell tonget full response

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16
Q

how does the Cytotoxic T cell kill a cell

A

uses ligand- fas ligan- apoptosis

or perforin- punch holes in cell mebrane

17
Q
A

Fab= antigen bindign region

each B cell amkes own ntigbodies can relasied into ciruclation to bind to pathogens, opsonise them or activate complement

18
Q

Describe T cell independent B cell acitvation

A

B cell comes across antigen- that has a repeated pattenr, binds to and link to many times

19
Q

Describ T cell dependent B cell activation

A

need more than just on B cell receptor activation

  • B cell will act as a Antigen presenting cell
    • internalises antigen presents on MHC II cells
    • Cd 40 on B cell
  • Acitvated T hleper cell binds to niave B cell
    • cd40—-> Cd40 ligand ( Th cell)
    • MHCII+ antigen —-> TCR
    • with right combination of cytokines
    • activate the B cells
20
Q

Describe B cell maturation

(3 processes)

A

Class switching-

constant region chaneg of antigen- specific task

somatic hypermutation-

B cell multiples- geerntes erros, small changes in BCR - Amntigenfit fine tunes- Fab region becomes more specific

Memeory vs plasam

21
Q

Differences between MHc class I and MHC class II

A
  • MHC I found all all nucleated cells
  • MHC II found on professiona APCs
  • MHC class II -presenst larger peptides (14-18 AA) MHC I (8-10 AA)
  • types of T cell acitvaed
    • MHCI - CD8 T cells
    • MHCII- Cd4 T cells
  • types of patogens
    • MHCI- intracellular pathogen viruses
    • MHCII- extracellula pathgoen- bacteria
22
Q

Describe the process of MHC class I antigen presentation

A
  • MHC class I alpha chain bidns to clanexin in ER util B2 macroglobulin binds to the alpha chains- calnexin released
  • MHCII then binds to a complex of chaperone proteins
    • Erp57, calrectiulin, tapasin
    • hlep to stabilsei and positon MHC I and to TAP ( transport protein involed in antigen processing)- this forms peptide loading complex
  • non self or self proteins found in cytosols of cells are degraded by proteosome into peptide fragments- these enter ER via TAP 8-10 AA long
  • binding of peptide fragment to MHC class I- release of chaperone proteisn- ecport of MHC I: antigen complex to surface
23
Q

MHc class 2 process of antigen presentation

A
  • MHC II found in ER attached to an invariant chain
  • stops peptide frgaments binding
  • Ivariant chain cause MHC milecule to leave Er in vecsicle
  • vesciel then enter endocytoci pathwya becomes more acicdic
  • drop in pH loss of invariant chain
  • endocytosed molceculs brokend down into AA 14-18 AA long
  • CLIP remaisn blocking bidning of peptide
  • HLA-DM, binds to MHC, removes CLip so antigen can bind
  • MHC antigne complex can then be expressed

xCase 17 SBA (10 decks)

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