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Foundation concepts > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of immune system?

A
  • Self recognition
  • Non self recognition
  • Establishment of a protective environment
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3
Q

What’s the type of immunity?

A
  • Innate immunity: nonspecific- first line of defense

- Acquired/adaptive immunity: specific- develop in response of infection (two types: humoral & cell mediated)

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4
Q

What’s the difference of innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: nonspecific, 1st line & no memory
Adaptive: specific, 2nd line and had memory

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5
Q

What are origin of cells in immune system?

A

lymphoid & myeloid

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6
Q

What cells do myeloid cell contain?

A

Monocytic (macrophage and dendritic) & granulocytic (neutrophil,basophil, eosinphil)

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7
Q

What are in lymphoid cells?

A

NK cells, B cells (plasma) and T cells (helper, suppressor and cytotoxic)

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8
Q

What cells are between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Killer T cells

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9
Q

What are organs of immune system?

A

Primary lymphoid and secondary lymphoid organs

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10
Q

Whats the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

primary: where its made
Secondary: receptors

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11
Q

What do primary lymphoid organs contain?

A

B and T

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12
Q

What do secondary lymphoid organs contain?

A

Spleen, lymph node, tonsils, appendix and peyers patch

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13
Q

What are the cells in innate immunity?

A
  • Monocyte/ macrophages
  • dendritic
  • Nonphagocytic
  • naturall killer T
  • mast cell
  • neutrophils
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14
Q

What types of macrophages are there?

A
  • Polymorphonuclear cell: neutrophil

- Mononuclear cell: monocyte

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15
Q

True or false- both macrophages and dendritic cell have antigens

A

True

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16
Q

True or false- dendritic cell have 2 types

A

False - 1

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17
Q

Whats the purpose of dendritic cell?

A

Antigen presenting cell (best one at that)- activate specific immunity.

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18
Q

Where does dendritic cell come from?

A

Comes from myeloid progenitor cell

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19
Q

What are the types of nonphagocytic cells?

A

Eosinphil: resistant to infections
Basophil: allergic reaction- histamine

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20
Q

True or false- depending on monocyte location name changes

A

True

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21
Q

Whats purpose of neutrophils?

A
  • Migration in response to chemical signal
  • Migrate through vessel walls to area of infection
  • Phagocytize microbes
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22
Q

True or false- there are 2 types of neutrophils

A

true

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23
Q

Which one is released first- neutrophils or macrophages?

A

neutrophils- available in acute phase whereas macrophages occur during inflammation

24
Q

Which is found in only inflamed tissues- neutrophils or macrophages?

A

Neutrophil - macrophage found everywhere.

25
Q

Which one is long lived- neutrophils or macrophages?

A

macrophages

26
Q

True or false- B cell is antigen presenting cell.

A

True

27
Q

True or false- natural killer cells are t cells

A

False- neither b or t

28
Q

Where is natural killer cells found in?

A

virus

29
Q

What can B cells differentiate to?

A

plasma and memory

30
Q

What T lymphocytes are they + purpose?

A

T helper cell (CD4)
Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+)- acts on virus
Suppressor T cell (CD4+) – regulate immune response
Memory T cell

31
Q

What is the line of defense of innate immunity?

A

First: skin, mucus membrane and normal microblota

secondary: Phagocyte (neutrophil), Dendritic cell, Macrophage, Inflammation, Fever & Antimicrobial substances.

32
Q

What is the components of innate immunity?

A
  • Anatomical barrier
  • cellular component
  • humoral component
33
Q

What is the components of Anatomical barrier?

A
  • Mechanical factors
  • Chemical factors
  • Biological factors
34
Q

What is the components of cellular component?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Monocyte + macrophage
  • NK cells
  • Eosinphil
  • Basophil/mast cells
35
Q

What is the components of humoral component?

A
  • Complement
  • Cytokines
  • Coagulation system
36
Q

What proteins do you find in anatomical barrier?

A
  • Histatin
  • Alpha defensins
  • Beta defensins
  • Surfactant proteins A & D
37
Q

Whats the purpose of anatomical barrier?

A

-secrete mucus

38
Q

What does the deficiency of anatomical barrier cause cause?

A

cystic fibrosis

39
Q

What are the mechanical factors in anatomical barrier?

A

Skin: barrier
stratified epithelium: remove microbes on skin
tight junction: prevent entry
mucus membrane: trap + remove organisms
flushing action: tear, saliva & urine

40
Q

What are the chemical factors in anatomical barrier?

A

Fatty acid in sebaceous secretion: Inhibit bacterial growth
Sweat/dermicidine : Kill bacteria and fungi
Acid pH: kill bacteria
Enzymes: Hydrolyze bacteria cell wall
Surface of lung: Act as opsonin

41
Q

What are the components of biological factors in anatomical barrier?

A

Microbial antagonism & Antimicrobial peptides

42
Q

What is the point of the biological factor Microbial antagonism?

A
  • Prevent attachment of invading pathogens
  • Compete for nutrients – inhibit growth
  • Produce antimicrobial substances
  • Maintain acidic e.g vaginal lactobacilli
43
Q

What is the components of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?

A

Phospholipase and alpha and beta ribonuclease

44
Q

Where are antimicrobial peptides found in?

A

skin, mucus membranes & intestinal Paneth cells

45
Q

What is the purpose of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?

A

increased production in response of bacterial infection & proinflammatory cells

46
Q

What are cytokines in humoral component?

A

They are proteins with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties which act in autocrine or paracrine way

47
Q

What are the components of cytokines in humoral component?

A
  • Interleukin: cytokines made of T cells (mostly)

- Chemokine: cytokine with chemotactic property (e.g IL8 and FMLP)

48
Q

What are complement in humoral component?

A

Group of proteins that work with innate response

49
Q

What are complement pathways in humoral component?

A

Classical, Mb lectin and alternate

50
Q

What are the purpose of complement in humoral component?

A

Phagocytosis and phagolysis

51
Q

What are the factors of inflammation?

A

Endogenous and exogenous

52
Q

What are the component of endogenous factor of inflammation?

A
  • tissue necrosis

- bone fracture

53
Q

What are the component of exogenous factor of inflammation?

A
  • mechanical- cut
  • physical- burn
  • chemical- corrosive chemical
  • immunologic injury- hypersensitivity
  • Biologic injury- infection
54
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

return tissue to initial state

55
Q

What is symptoms of inflammation?

A
  • Pain (dolor)
  • Redness (rubor)
  • Heat (calor)
  • Edema (tumor)
  • Loss of function
56
Q

What are the steps to inflammation?

A
  1. Mast cell causes vasodilation + increased capillary permeability
  2. phagocyte goes to site- migrate especially neutrophil (by chemokines)
  3. neutrophils squeeze themselves through junctions – this causes transmigration
  4. They do phagocytosis
  5. Macrophage secrete hormone cytokines- which are involved tissue repair.
  6. Tissue repair

Foundation concepts (9 decks)

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