Immunology Flashcards
What is the immune system?
Mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body.
What is the purpose of immune system?
- Self recognition
- Non self recognition
- Establishment of a protective environment
What’s the type of immunity?
- Innate immunity: nonspecific- first line of defense
- Acquired/adaptive immunity: specific- develop in response of infection (two types: humoral & cell mediated)
What’s the difference of innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate: nonspecific, 1st line & no memory
Adaptive: specific, 2nd line and had memory
What are origin of cells in immune system?
lymphoid & myeloid
What cells do myeloid cell contain?
Monocytic (macrophage and dendritic) & granulocytic (neutrophil,basophil, eosinphil)
What are in lymphoid cells?
NK cells, B cells (plasma) and T cells (helper, suppressor and cytotoxic)
What cells are between adaptive and innate immunity?
Killer T cells
What are organs of immune system?
Primary lymphoid and secondary lymphoid organs
Whats the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?
primary: where its made
Secondary: receptors
What do primary lymphoid organs contain?
B and T
What do secondary lymphoid organs contain?
Spleen, lymph node, tonsils, appendix and peyers patch
What are the cells in innate immunity?
- Monocyte/ macrophages
- dendritic
- Nonphagocytic
- naturall killer T
- mast cell
- neutrophils
What types of macrophages are there?
- Polymorphonuclear cell: neutrophil
- Mononuclear cell: monocyte
True or false- both macrophages and dendritic cell have antigens
True
True or false- dendritic cell have 2 types
False - 1
Whats the purpose of dendritic cell?
Antigen presenting cell (best one at that)- activate specific immunity.
Where does dendritic cell come from?
Comes from myeloid progenitor cell
What are the types of nonphagocytic cells?
Eosinphil: resistant to infections
Basophil: allergic reaction- histamine
True or false- depending on monocyte location name changes
True
Whats purpose of neutrophils?
- Migration in response to chemical signal
- Migrate through vessel walls to area of infection
- Phagocytize microbes
True or false- there are 2 types of neutrophils
true
Which one is released first- neutrophils or macrophages?
neutrophils- available in acute phase whereas macrophages occur during inflammation
Which is found in only inflamed tissues- neutrophils or macrophages?
Neutrophil - macrophage found everywhere.
Which one is long lived- neutrophils or macrophages?
macrophages
True or false- B cell is antigen presenting cell.
True
True or false- natural killer cells are t cells
False- neither b or t
Where is natural killer cells found in?
virus
What can B cells differentiate to?
plasma and memory
What T lymphocytes are they + purpose?
T helper cell (CD4)
Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+)- acts on virus
Suppressor T cell (CD4+) – regulate immune response
Memory T cell
What is the line of defense of innate immunity?
First: skin, mucus membrane and normal microblota
secondary: Phagocyte (neutrophil), Dendritic cell, Macrophage, Inflammation, Fever & Antimicrobial substances.
What is the components of innate immunity?
- Anatomical barrier
- cellular component
- humoral component
What is the components of Anatomical barrier?
- Mechanical factors
- Chemical factors
- Biological factors
What is the components of cellular component?
- Neutrophil
- Monocyte + macrophage
- NK cells
- Eosinphil
- Basophil/mast cells
What is the components of humoral component?
- Complement
- Cytokines
- Coagulation system
What proteins do you find in anatomical barrier?
- Histatin
- Alpha defensins
- Beta defensins
- Surfactant proteins A & D
Whats the purpose of anatomical barrier?
-secrete mucus
What does the deficiency of anatomical barrier cause cause?
cystic fibrosis
What are the mechanical factors in anatomical barrier?
Skin: barrier
stratified epithelium: remove microbes on skin
tight junction: prevent entry
mucus membrane: trap + remove organisms
flushing action: tear, saliva & urine
What are the chemical factors in anatomical barrier?
Fatty acid in sebaceous secretion: Inhibit bacterial growth
Sweat/dermicidine : Kill bacteria and fungi
Acid pH: kill bacteria
Enzymes: Hydrolyze bacteria cell wall
Surface of lung: Act as opsonin
What are the components of biological factors in anatomical barrier?
Microbial antagonism & Antimicrobial peptides
What is the point of the biological factor Microbial antagonism?
- Prevent attachment of invading pathogens
- Compete for nutrients – inhibit growth
- Produce antimicrobial substances
- Maintain acidic e.g vaginal lactobacilli
What is the components of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?
Phospholipase and alpha and beta ribonuclease
Where are antimicrobial peptides found in?
skin, mucus membranes & intestinal Paneth cells
What is the purpose of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?
increased production in response of bacterial infection & proinflammatory cells
What are cytokines in humoral component?
They are proteins with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties which act in autocrine or paracrine way
What are the components of cytokines in humoral component?
- Interleukin: cytokines made of T cells (mostly)
- Chemokine: cytokine with chemotactic property (e.g IL8 and FMLP)
What are complement in humoral component?
Group of proteins that work with innate response
What are complement pathways in humoral component?
Classical, Mb lectin and alternate
What are the purpose of complement in humoral component?
Phagocytosis and phagolysis
What are the factors of inflammation?
Endogenous and exogenous
What are the component of endogenous factor of inflammation?
- tissue necrosis
- bone fracture
What are the component of exogenous factor of inflammation?
- mechanical- cut
- physical- burn
- chemical- corrosive chemical
- immunologic injury- hypersensitivity
- Biologic injury- infection
What is the purpose of inflammation?
return tissue to initial state
What is symptoms of inflammation?
- Pain (dolor)
- Redness (rubor)
- Heat (calor)
- Edema (tumor)
- Loss of function
What are the steps to inflammation?
- Mast cell causes vasodilation + increased capillary permeability
- phagocyte goes to site- migrate especially neutrophil (by chemokines)
- neutrophils squeeze themselves through junctions – this causes transmigration
- They do phagocytosis
- Macrophage secrete hormone cytokines- which are involved tissue repair.
- Tissue repair
