Cytology Flashcards
Understand cells basic
Put this in order of smallest to largest: molecule, atom, organelle, macromolecule, cell, organ, organ system
atom < molecule < macromolecule < organelle < cell < organ < organ system
Who is technically the father of cytology?
Robert Hooke
What are the two type of cells that form the zygote?
embryo + sperm
Zygote forms two forms of cells- which one of them is specialized?
somatic cell
What type of stem cells are there?
Embryonic + adult stem cells
When are embryonic cells formed? (2 points)
- inner cell mass (blastocyst -week 1)
2. Embryo (week 3)
Where can you find adult stem cells?
brain, nerve, bone marrow, skeletal muscles….
Which stem cell is pluripotent based on two types of stem cells?
embryonic- adult is multipotent
Why is the cell membrane amphipathic?
Has hydrophobic side (fatty acid tail) and hydrophilic side (phosphate)
What are the types of membrane proteins?
- peripheral: on the outside (loose)
- glycocalyx: glycoprotein + glycolipid
- lipid anchored
- integral: in membrane
What binds cytoplasm together?
Cystol
Where do you find chromatin?
nucelus
What are the types of chromatin?
Euchromatin (light color): Inactive
Heterochromatin (dark color): active
True or false- some cells lose nucleus as they grow.
True- e.g RBC
What is the composition of small and large subunit of ribosome?
Small: 33 proteins + 1 rRNA
Large: 50 + 3 rRNA
Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes structurally?
No ribosome bound - smooth
Ribosome bound- rough
Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes function?
Inside cell organelle - smooth
Proteins outside of cell - rough
What are the faces of golgi apparatus?
Cis: vesicles fuse here
medial: modifies package
trans: sends it off
True or false- Endoplasmic reticulum have membranes
True
True or false- Lysosome reticulum dont have membranes
False
What is the name of a mature vesicle?
secretory granules
What do lysosomes contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes and acid bacterial agent (lysoferrin + lysozyme)
Whats the difference between lysosome and lysozyme?
Lysoferrin: Bind ion + other metals
lysozyme: dissolve bacterial cell membrane
Whats the function of a proteasome?
Breakdown cytosolic protein (unneeded) by attaching it to proteasome core.
What processes do a peroxisome undergo?
Oxidase: break down substances to make H2O2
Catalase: use H2O2 to break down toxic compound
Peroxidase: Make cholesterol + membrane components
True or false- Mitochondria have DNA
True
Where do we get mitochondrial DNA?
Mom- egg contain 200,000 mitochondrial DNA vs sperm: 5
Whats the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
Both are endocytosis.
Pino: water
Phago: pathogen
True or false- Exo/endocytosis need ATP
True
What are the elements of cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
Which cytoskeleton element has protein kinesin and dynein?
microtubule
Which cytoskeleton element is made of rope-like structure?
microfilaments
What is the most stable cytoskeleton element?
intermediate
Where are microtubules found?
cillia, flagella, centrosomes
What cytoskeleton element has tube structure?
intermediate filament
How are microtubules formed?
Alpha and beta globular protein pair with each other to make a protofilament (require GTP)
How are intermediate formed?
alpha helical dimer come together to make a tetramer -> many tetramers= unit length filament -> many of that= intermediate filament
What is an example of intermediate filament?
nerves
What is an example of microfilament?
muscle
How does transport occur in microfilament?
Filopodia: finger like extension
Lamallipodia: via sheets
Actin pushes to direction of movement
Myosin move against cell membrane
What is the difference between apical, lateral and basal surfaces?
apical: contact with lumen
Lateral: to cell
Basal: close to basement membrane
What is the difference between gap junction and tight junction location?
gap junction: basal surface
Tight: apical surface
True or false- tight junction is made of connexons
False- is made of transmembrane proteins
True or false- gap junction is made of connexons
True- 1 connexon= 6 connexins
Whats the point of a desmosome?
Anchoring
What are the types of desmosome?
spot and belt desmosome and hemidesmosome
What cytoskeleton is found in spot desmosome?
intermediate- keratin (arranged vertically)
What cytoskeleton is found in belt desmosome?
microfilament- actin (arranged horizontally)
Whats the point of hemidesmosome?
Junction to base membrane
True or false- stereocillia is not branched
False- it is! and is longer than microvilli
True or false- Microvilli and stereocillia are motile
False
Where is stereocillia found?
Hair of ears (mechanoreceptors) and ductus defrens
Where is microvilli found?
epithilia
True or false- microvilli is made of actin and cell membrane
True.
True or false- Stereocillia is made of actin and cell membrane
False- just actin
