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Foundation concepts > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

Understand cells basic

1
Q

Put this in order of smallest to largest: molecule, atom, organelle, macromolecule, cell, organ, organ system

A

atom < molecule < macromolecule < organelle < cell < organ < organ system

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2
Q

Who is technically the father of cytology?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

What are the two type of cells that form the zygote?

A

embryo + sperm

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4
Q

Zygote forms two forms of cells- which one of them is specialized?

A

somatic cell

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5
Q

What type of stem cells are there?

A

Embryonic + adult stem cells

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6
Q

When are embryonic cells formed? (2 points)

A
  1. inner cell mass (blastocyst -week 1)

2. Embryo (week 3)

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7
Q

Where can you find adult stem cells?

A

brain, nerve, bone marrow, skeletal muscles….

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8
Q

Which stem cell is pluripotent based on two types of stem cells?

A

embryonic- adult is multipotent

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9
Q

Why is the cell membrane amphipathic?

A

Has hydrophobic side (fatty acid tail) and hydrophilic side (phosphate)

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10
Q

What are the types of membrane proteins?

A
  • peripheral: on the outside (loose)
  • glycocalyx: glycoprotein + glycolipid
  • lipid anchored
  • integral: in membrane
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11
Q

What binds cytoplasm together?

A

Cystol

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12
Q

Where do you find chromatin?

A

nucelus

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13
Q

What are the types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin (light color): Inactive

Heterochromatin (dark color): active

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14
Q

True or false- some cells lose nucleus as they grow.

A

True- e.g RBC

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15
Q

What is the composition of small and large subunit of ribosome?

A

Small: 33 proteins + 1 rRNA
Large: 50 + 3 rRNA

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16
Q

Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes structurally?

A

No ribosome bound - smooth

Ribosome bound- rough

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17
Q

Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes function?

A

Inside cell organelle - smooth

Proteins outside of cell - rough

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18
Q

What are the faces of golgi apparatus?

A

Cis: vesicles fuse here

medial: modifies package
trans: sends it off

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19
Q

True or false- Endoplasmic reticulum have membranes

A

True

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20
Q

True or false- Lysosome reticulum dont have membranes

A

False

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21
Q

What is the name of a mature vesicle?

A

secretory granules

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22
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes and acid bacterial agent (lysoferrin + lysozyme)

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23
Q

Whats the difference between lysosome and lysozyme?

A

Lysoferrin: Bind ion + other metals
lysozyme: dissolve bacterial cell membrane

24
Q

Whats the function of a proteasome?

A

Breakdown cytosolic protein (unneeded) by attaching it to proteasome core.

25
Q

What processes do a peroxisome undergo?

A

Oxidase: break down substances to make H2O2
Catalase: use H2O2 to break down toxic compound
Peroxidase: Make cholesterol + membrane components

26
Q

True or false- Mitochondria have DNA

A

True

27
Q

Where do we get mitochondrial DNA?

A

Mom- egg contain 200,000 mitochondrial DNA vs sperm: 5

28
Q

Whats the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

A

Both are endocytosis.
Pino: water
Phago: pathogen

29
Q

True or false- Exo/endocytosis need ATP

A

True

30
Q

What are the elements of cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

31
Q

Which cytoskeleton element has protein kinesin and dynein?

A

microtubule

32
Q

Which cytoskeleton element is made of rope-like structure?

A

microfilaments

33
Q

What is the most stable cytoskeleton element?

A

intermediate

34
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

cillia, flagella, centrosomes

35
Q

What cytoskeleton element has tube structure?

A

intermediate filament

36
Q

How are microtubules formed?

A

Alpha and beta globular protein pair with each other to make a protofilament (require GTP)

37
Q

How are intermediate formed?

A

alpha helical dimer come together to make a tetramer -> many tetramers= unit length filament -> many of that= intermediate filament

38
Q

What is an example of intermediate filament?

A

nerves

39
Q

What is an example of microfilament?

A

muscle

40
Q

How does transport occur in microfilament?

A

Filopodia: finger like extension
Lamallipodia: via sheets

Actin pushes to direction of movement
Myosin move against cell membrane

41
Q

What is the difference between apical, lateral and basal surfaces?

A

apical: contact with lumen
Lateral: to cell
Basal: close to basement membrane

42
Q

What is the difference between gap junction and tight junction location?

A

gap junction: basal surface

Tight: apical surface

43
Q

True or false- tight junction is made of connexons

A

False- is made of transmembrane proteins

44
Q

True or false- gap junction is made of connexons

A

True- 1 connexon= 6 connexins

45
Q

Whats the point of a desmosome?

A

Anchoring

46
Q

What are the types of desmosome?

A

spot and belt desmosome and hemidesmosome

47
Q

What cytoskeleton is found in spot desmosome?

A

intermediate- keratin (arranged vertically)

48
Q

What cytoskeleton is found in belt desmosome?

A

microfilament- actin (arranged horizontally)

49
Q

Whats the point of hemidesmosome?

A

Junction to base membrane

50
Q

True or false- stereocillia is not branched

A

False- it is! and is longer than microvilli

51
Q

True or false- Microvilli and stereocillia are motile

A

False

52
Q

Where is stereocillia found?

A

Hair of ears (mechanoreceptors) and ductus defrens

53
Q

Where is microvilli found?

A

epithilia

54
Q

True or false- microvilli is made of actin and cell membrane

A

True.

55
Q

True or false- Stereocillia is made of actin and cell membrane

A

False- just actin

Foundation concepts (9 decks)

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