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Fundamentals of Physiology PM1A > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  1. innate (first and second line of immune response - relies on mechanisms that exist before infection
  2. Adaptive immunity - third line - relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection
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2
Q

Describe innate immunology? (6)

A

it includes physical and chemical barriers, and responses.

  • It is present at birth in all individuals& based on genetics
  • It relies on already formed components
  • Rapid response
  • Non specific so the same molecules respond to a range of pathogens
  • It has no memory so the same response after repeated exposure
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3
Q

what is the first line of defence in innate? - examples

A

skin, ciliated cells, lysozyme, coughing, sickness

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4
Q

Give examples of 2nd line of defence innate

A

blood clots, histamine release by mast cells, leukocytes

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5
Q

Describe the physical barriers in innate response

A

SKIN- physical barrier and prevents Passage of microbes- it is acidic and acidity prevents passage. The surface of the skin provides good bacteria that can outcompete pathogens
RESPIRATORY- line with ciliated `cells and a layer of mucus - mucus traps the invading microbes and debris, cilia remove particles.
- STOMACH- acidic pH in stomach and digestive enzymes remove and destroy foodborne pathogens

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6
Q

What are humoral components of the innate immune?

A

Lysozymes and the complement system (group of proteins found in blood plasma). They complement proteins that work with antibodies.
- Mediate the lysis of microbes and mark them for phagocytes, cause inflammation and stimulate mast cell release of histamine.

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7
Q

What are the cellular components of innate? (7)

A
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
    eosinophil
  • macrophage
  • dendritic cell
  • NK cell
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8
Q

Function of mast cells

A

release histamine

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9
Q

Function of - basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils?

A

granulocytes - WBC with granular staining, release - digestive enzymes, histamine and heparin

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10
Q

Function of macrophage & dendritic cells

A

Phagocytes - engulf pathogens and destroy, and release cytokines

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11
Q

Function of NK cell

A

recognise & kill infected host cells

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12
Q

what do macrophages and dendritic cells do?

A

express pattern recognition receptors - these recognise bacteria, fungi, pathogens, dsRNA (viruses), bacterial DNA

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13
Q

What do the pattern recognition receptors do?

A

mediate the activation of a transcription factor - NF-Kappa B

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14
Q

What does NF-Kappa B do?

A

activates transcription and release of cytokines

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15
Q

what are cytokines?

A

regulatory proteins secreted by WBC

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16
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

Bind to specific receptors on target cells triggering signal transduction pathway & altering gene expression.

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17
Q

Types of cytokines

A

pro inflammatory which stimulate an immune response, or anti inflammatory which inhibit the immune response

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18
Q

Give example of an important cytokine

A

TNF - pro inflammatory cytokine

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19
Q

what does the cytokine TNF do?

A

mediates a feed forward loop - activate cells with TNF then activate NF-kappa B leading to production of more pro inflammatory cytokines.
- Inflammation activated in more cells to eradicate infection

20
Q

what are the 5 hallmarks of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Dolor (pain)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Tumor (swelling)
  5. Function lease - loss of function of organs or tissues involved
21
Q

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • slow response during the first infection but very fast in secondary infections
  • has memory and is specific
  • involves antibodies
  • 2 types- humeral and cell mediated
  • basis of all vaccines
22
Q

what is the cell mediated mechanism in adaptive

A

eliminates intracellular microbes that survive within phagocytes/cells

23
Q

what is the humoral mechanism in adaptive

A

mediated by antibodies- eliminate extracellular microbes and toxins.

24
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

recognise antigens (toxic)

25
Q

define an antigen

A

a toxic or foreign substance which induces an immune response especially production of antibodies

26
Q

characteristics of antibodies

A

membrane bound or soluble
Y shaped or T shaped polypeptides
belong tot he gamma-globulin fraction of serum proteins
2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light

27
Q

what contains antibodies?

A

B cells

28
Q

what do antibodies do ? (functions)

A
  • bind to antigens…
  • inflammation
    enhance phagocytosis by coating antigen
    block adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
    cell lysis
29
Q

Significance of major histocompatibility complexes?

A

Receptors attach to membrane - important in the recognition of self & non self cells (2 types - MHC1 and MHC II)

30
Q

MHCI receptors?

A

presents part of our own proteins to cytotoxic T cells (own cells).
- Mutated cells e/g cancer and viruses co not regulate expression of MHCI and don’t present proper proteins so can tell which are which

31
Q

MHC II receptors?

A

Presentation of antigens (non self) to immune system - present to T helper cells - pathogen

32
Q

what cell type produces antibodies in response to a pathogen?

A

B cells

33
Q

What are B cells?

A

Naive B cells move throughout body & includes antigen specific antibodies. When it encounters an antigen it divides to become either a memory B cell, or a plasma B cell (effector) to produce antibodies

34
Q

what are the 2 types of T cell?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cell (induce infected cells to kill selves) - CD8+ cells
  2. T helper cells (assist other cells e.g maturation of B cells, activate cytotoxic T, macrophages) - CD4+ cells
35
Q

what can T cell receptors only recognise?

A

antigens bound to MHCI or II

36
Q

Describe phases of adaptive immune response

A
  1. Antigen presenting cell - induces clonal expansion of B and T cells
  2. differentiation of T and B into effector cells followed by elimination of antigen - via cell mediated or hour immunity
  3. No longer need immune response so must turn it off - via apoptosis. But do have some surviving memory cells - memory B and cytotoxic T
37
Q

when is the adaptive immune response triggered?

A

when a macrophage delivers an antigen to a T helper cell

38
Q

what does a vaccine do?

A

Provides adaptive immunity - introduce a toxic (resembles toxin) - formation of memory cells & short activation of immune system.
- Should we be exposed by the same antigen again, there is fast & strong activation of immune system so body can get rid of pathogens before symptoms occur

39
Q

what do vaccines stimulate production of?

A

Memory cells

40
Q

what are the 2 things that happen when the immune system goes wrong?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity

2. Immunodeficiency

41
Q

what is hypersensitivity and give examples

A

Causes cell damage through excessive immune response to antigens.

  1. Overreaction to infectious agents
  2. Allergy - overreaction to environmental stimuluses
  3. autoimmunity- overreaction to self
42
Q

what is autoimmunity and allergies?

A

allergy – overreaction to environmental substances

autoimmunity – overreaction to self

43
Q

what is immunodeficiency?

A

loss of function of components in immune system - occur in any part or state and cause the person to become prone to infection (high risk).

  • Can be due to genes e.g congenital ID (SCID)
  • Can be acquired e.g aids
44
Q

why do pollen allergies get worse every year for some people?

A

Memory cells cause a stronger reaction

45
Q

In adaptive defences - what are the types and cells involved?

A
  1. Humeral immunity - B cells

2. Cellular immunity - T cells

46
Q

in innate defences - what are the types and cells involved?

A
  1. Surface barriers - skin, mucosal membranes

2. Internal defences e.g. phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins & inflammation

Fundamentals of Physiology PM1A (23 decks)

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