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Dermatology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What structure of the skin contributes to immune defence?

A

The keratin layer

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2
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Overreaction to an antigen

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3
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

An infection is not controlled

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4
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Reaction to host tissue causing chronic inflammation

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5
Q

What are some important structural proteins found in the stratum corneum?

A

Filaggrin, involucrin, keratin

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6
Q

What is the immune function of the keratin layer?

A

Sense pathogens via cell surface receptors and help mediate an immune response

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7
Q

What happens to the anti-microbial peptides found in the keratin layer in psoriasis?

A

They are produced in excess

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8
Q

What is the role of cytokines and chemokines released from the keratin layer?

A

Recruit and regulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems

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9
Q

What are the main immune cell of the skin? What type of cell is this?

A

Langerhans cells- a type of dendritic cell

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10
Q

What characterises the Langerhans cell?

A

Birbeck granule

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11
Q

Where are CD8+ T cells found?

A

Mainly in the epidermis but also in the dermis

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12
Q

Where are CD4+ T cells found?

A

In the dermis

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13
Q

What are the subtypes of CD4+ T cells which are associated with inflammation?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17

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14
Q

Th1 cells are associated with what condition?

A

Psoriasis

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15
Q

Th2 cells are associated with what condition?

A

Atopic dermatitis

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16
Q

Th17 cells are associated with what condition?

A

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis

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17
Q

Where are T cells produced? Where are they sensitised?

A

Produced in the bone marrow and sensitised in the thymus

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18
Q

What cells are the basis of cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

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19
Q

What are CD4+ T cells?

A

Helper cells

20
Q

What is the function of Th1 cells? What do they release?

A

They activate macrophages to destroy microorganisms. They release IL2 and interferon gamma.

21
Q

What is the function of Th2 cells? What do they release?

A

They help B cells make antibodies. They release IL4/5/6

22
Q

What is the function of CD8+ T cells?

A

These are cytotoxic T cells which directly kill infected cells and are important in defence against viruses and cancer.

23
Q

What is the function of dermal dendritic cells?

A

Involved in antigen presenting and secretion of cyto/chemokines

24
Q

What is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

Produce interferon alpha and are found in diseased skin

25
Q

Apart from T cells, what are 3 other types of immune cell which are found in the dermis?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells

26
Q

Mast cells are effectors of immune responses mediated by what? Give examples.

A

IgE- allergies and parasites

27
Q

Which chromosome are MHC proteins found on?

A

6

28
Q

On what cells is MHC class I found? What type of antigens do they present and to where?

A

Found on almost all cells. They present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

29
Q

On what cells is MHC class II found? What type of antigens do they present and to where?

A

Found only on antigen presenting cells. They present exogenous antigens to helper T cells.

30
Q

Psoriatic plaques can be treated by blocking what?

A

Cytokines

31
Q

What is the immunological cause of atopic eczema?

A

Impairment of skin barrier function caused by a mutation on the filaggrin gene and decreased anti-microbial peptides in the skin

32
Q

What does the filaggrin break down product act as? What will happen if you don’t have this?

A

It acts as a natural moisturiser- if you don’t have this you will develop dry skin (not necessarily eczema)

33
Q

What mediates types II and III hypersensitivity?

A

IgM and IgG

34
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is of importance when?

A

Autoimmune disease and transplantation

35
Q

Type III hypersensitivity is often implicated in what common cause of skin problems?

A

Drug reactions

36
Q

What specific cell is the main mediator of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Th1 cells

37
Q

What types of hypersensitivity reactions most commonly involve the skin?

A

Types I and IV

38
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Red wheels develop caused by dilated blood vessels and and leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue.

39
Q

What is angioedema?

A

A deeper reaction than urticaria causing swelling of subcutaneous tissues including mucus membranes

40
Q

What is anaphylaxis? What are some features?

A

Life threatening reaction- urticaria, angioedema, throat swelling, bronchospasm, hypotension, shock

41
Q

What preformed substances do mast cells produce in response to IgE?

A

Histamine, tryptase, heparin

42
Q

What synthesised substances do mast cells produce in response to IgE?

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines

43
Q

What are three things that secretion of substances from mast cells can cause?

A

Increased blood flow, contraction of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability

44
Q

What are some defining features of anaphylaxis?

A

A: laryngeal oedema, B: bronchospasm, tachypnoea, C: tachycardia, hypotension, potential collapse

45
Q

What are some common features of anaphylaxis?

A

Urticaria, angioedema, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis

46
Q

What is auto-infection?

A

Infection by a bacteria you are colonised with

Dermatology (15 decks)

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