Immunology

Question 1

Lymphocytes function

Answer 1

Involved in immune response

B cell- produce antibodies against antigens( bacteria)

Question 2

3 types of lymphocytes

Answer 2

• B cell- produce antibodies against antigens
• T cell- kills or helps kill foreign antigens
• NK cells- kills viruses, tumors

Question 3

lymphocytopoesis

Answer 3

lymphocyte development

Question 4

lymphocytosis

Answer 4

increase in blood, causes viral infection, leukaemia, lymphoma

Question 5

lymphocytopenia

Answer 5

decrease levels,causes cancer, immune deficiency, AIDS, high cortisol

Question 6

lymphadenopathy

Answer 6

enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable/tender

Question 7

Difference between qualitiative for quantitative disorders

Answer 7

quantitative- Increase/decrease in cell number

• bone marrow disorder/premature destruction of cells
• response to infectious microorganism invasion

qualitative- disruption of cellular function

Question 8

Glandular Fever

Answer 8

• swollen lymph node
• caused by virus EBV
• acute infection of B cells
• long incubation period

Question 9

Multiple Mylenoma

Answer 9

-overproduction of plasma cells in bone marrow

immature B cells are transported to lymph tissue. when a foreign substance comes in contact with the B cell, DNA is damaged,as it multiplies and turns into a plasma cell. Nothing is detected as wrong, goes to the bone marrow, gets damaged again and becomes cancerous

ss -bone pain, bleeding, hypercalcemia, cancer in bone marrow, pain in spine/ribs, worsens with activity

Question 10

Innate Immunity

Answer 10

-Non-specific
-First line of defense
cells that defend against micro-organism
-recruitment of immune cells to site of infection
-activation of complement cascade to identify bacteria
-
e.g granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells

Question 11

Inflammation

Answer 11

Body’s attempt at self protection
to remove harmful stimuli
beginning of healing process
infection causes inflammation

Question 12

Stages of Inflammation

Answer 12

1. Irritation/infection
2. increase blood flow- dilation of blood vessels
3. granulation- new blood vessels, fibroblast(collagen)
4. chemotaxis- messages sent, more cells come
5. inflammation- neutrophils and macrophages migrate
6. cell adhesion
7. suppration (pus)- neutrophils secrete their granules
8. Edema- fluid in the interstitual spaces of the region
9. Repair and healing- vasoconstriction, coagulation cascade, clot formation

Question 13

Adaptive immunity

Answer 13

• production of antibodies -specific
• memory cells produced
• occurs day after
• slow response
• activation of B/T cells
• Dendritic cells

Question 14

Autoimmunity

Answer 14

when the body is unable to recognise between self and non-self, attacks self cells