Endocrinology Flashcards

Question

Testes

Answer 1

Secrete testosterone and estrogen for development of reproductive system, sperm production and sex drive Sertoli cells secrete inhibit to decrease FSH secretion and stabilise sperm

Answer 2

``` Anorexia Nausea Cheyenne-strokes resp pattern Muscle aches Tremors MS infection Haemorrhage Pneumonia ```

Answer 3

Deficiency in ADH secretion from posterior pituitary OR production in hypothalamus results in lack of circulating ADH can be caused by head trauma, stroke, hypothalamic/pituitary tumor,surgery, infection

Answer 4

improper response to ADH in the kidneys caused by renal disease/failure ss: thirst, polyuria, dehydration

Answer 5

Lack of secretion of some of the vital hormones that the pituitary produces Can be caused by tumors, infection, inflammation, Post-partum haemorrhage, traumatic head injury, radiation, congenital abnormality ``` such as ACTH TH LH & FSH GH Prolactin ```

Answer 6

All hormones affected

Answer 7

hypersecretion of pituitary hormones 4 common types - Prolactinoma - Corticotropinoma - Somatotropinoma - Thyrotropinoma

Answer 8

benign of the pituitary gland most common hypersecretion of prolactin ss: amenorrhoea, increase milk production, vertigo, loss of pubic hair, nausea and vomiting, erectile dysfunction treatment: dopamine antagonist drugs

Answer 9

Also known as Cushings disease Increase in ACTH secretion usually a result of pituitary adenoma or excess corticotropin-releasing hormone being secreted by the hypothalamus SS: weight gain, increase hair growth, moonshaped face, insomnia, irregular menstruation, fatigue, depression, treatment: removing tumor, radiation therapy, adrenalectomy

Answer 10

- hypersecretion of GH - causes giantism in children by a pituitary adenoma which leads to excess growth of long bones,hands, feet resulting in extreme height - Causes Acromegaly in adults, usually results in severe disfigurement, enlargement of hands and feet, CNS impairment, diabetes, hypermetabolism, weakness, HT, atherosclerosis treatment: Somatostatin, dopamine agonists, GH receptor antagonist, surgery and radiation therapy

Answer 11

characterised by hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone mostly caused by a pituitary adenoma results in hyperthyroidism

Answer 12

increase production/hypersecretion of thyroid hormone ``` causes toxic adenoma inflammation of thyroid amiodarone admin excessive iodine uptake ```

Answer 13

- increase production of T4 + enlargement of thyroid gland - occurs due to TSH immunoglobins, binding to the TSH receptors on the thyroid gland, stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones - Pituitary gland reacts to this high level of circulating TH, supresses the addtional secretion of TSH SS: tachy,AF,HT, goitre, tremors, palpitation, fatigue, Increase RR, weightloss, heat intolerance, irregular menstruation treatment: antithyroid drugs, radio-iodine, thyroidectomy

Answer 14

rare but life threatening complication of hyperthyroidism Characterised by - high fever - tachycardia/tachyarrythmias - vomiting - agitation/ irritability - MI/heart failure treatment: antithyroid drugs, beta blockers, corticosteriods, mechanical ventilation, inorganic iodine

Answer 15

Malfunction of hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland in producing TH

Answer 16

- thyroid gland disorder - thyroidectomy - amyloidosis - sarcoidosis - cretinism - hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 17

- failure to stimulate normal thyroid function - inadequate production of TH - pituitary failure to produce TSH - hypothalamic failure to produce TRH - iodine deficiency

Answer 18

cogenital deficiency of TH usually as a result of maternal hypothyroism can lead to deficiency of embryonic/neonatal life and incorrect development of thyroid gland SS: physical/ mental retardation delayed bone maturation/puberty neurological/cognitive impairment treatment: exogenous thyroxine

Answer 19

caused by an autoimmune response thyroid cells are attacked, gradual destruction of follicles ss fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, joint/muscle pain, bradycardia, depression,fertility issues risk factors neonatal resp distress, low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage treatment TH replacement drugs

Answer 20

thought to be caused by genetic/ environmental factors ss neck pain, changes in voice, signs of nodules treatment thyroidectomy, TSH supression therapy

Answer 21

decompensated hypothyroidism precipitated by a stressful event such as illness, MI, stroke SS ACS, hypoventilation, hypothermia, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, hypercapnia, bradycardia

Answer 22

increase secretion of PTH from one or more of the 4 glands results in hypercalcaemia, hypophospataemia

Answer 23

hyperfunction of parathyroid gland ss polyuria, chronic low back pain, osteopenia, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, kidney stones, muscle weakness causes tumor, hyperplasia, CCF, PE treatment removal,calcimetics,

Answer 24

secretion of PTH in a normal fashion in response to hypocalcaemia SS osteomalacia, defective mineralisation/calcification of bones, ss of calcium imbalances caused by Vit D deficiency, chronic renal failure. decrease in levels of calcium

Answer 25

decrease function of parathyroid glands resulting in hyposecretion of PTH resulting in hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia ss paraesthesia, seizures, bronchospasms, insomnia, bone pain, muscle cramps, abdo pain, arrythmias, headache causes trauma, autoimmune destruction, Digeorge syndrome treatment IV calcium, Vit D and calcium supplements, injection in PTH

Answer 26

chronic hypercortisolism rare, more common abnormally high circulating level of glucocorticosteriod hormones causes tumor, prolonged administration of corticosteriod drugs ss central obesity, thinning skin, osteoporosis, acne, menstrual irregularity, muscle atrophy, purple stretch marks, sleep disturbances treatment ceasing any corticosteriod treatment removal of tumor, bilateral adrenectomy, admin of drugs + inhibits cortisol secretion

Answer 27

increase secretion of aldosterone by adrenal glands results in hypokalaemia and alkalosis ``` causes crohns syndrome hyperplasia overactivity of renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system stenosis tumor ``` ss HT, headache, muscle spasm, fatigue, polyuria, polydipsia, metabolic acidosis treatment removal of adenoma spironolactone

Answer 28

tumor of adrenal medulla, hypersecretion of catecholamines, results in hyperactivity of SNS ss HT,tachy, anxiety, pallor, weight loss, palpitation, diaphoresis, headaches, hyperglycaemia treatment removal of tumor, adrenalectomy, admin of irreversible adrenoreceptor blocker,

Answer 29

decrease secretion of adrenal steroids ``` causes addison disease sepsis tuberculosis impairment of pit/hypothalamic gland ``` ss fatigue, HT, weight loss, nausea and vom, diaphoresis, fever, headache, hyperpigmentation of skin treatment HRT, injectible cortisol, vasopressor therapy, IV Saline, Dextrose, glucosteriods

Answer 30

collection of SS indicating severe adrenal insufficiency ``` ss sudden pain seizure slurred speech confusion severe vomiting hypoglycaemia hypekalemia fever ```

Answer 31

Alpha cells increas blood glucose levels stimulates liver to release glucose stores from glycogen stimulates gluconeogenesis by breaking down fats and fatty acids

Answer 32

beta cells decrease in blood glucose levels increase in glucose transportation into cells, increase glucose metabolism by cells, increase liver glycogen stores

Answer 33

produced in delta cells inhibits secretion of insulin regulates cell of pancreatic islet inhibits release of GH from the pituitary gland

Answer 34

Deficiency in insulin secretion,resulting in hyperglycaemia caused by decrease of B cells in pancreas autoimmune mediated ss polyuria, lethargy, polyphagia, decrease in weight loss, dry mouth, diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 35

deficiency in insulin secretion/ insulin resistance resulting in hyperglycaemia inappropriate release of glucose into blood from liver causes lifestyle obesity genetics ss blurred vision, poluria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infection, treatment lifestyle intervention, weight loss surgery, anti diabetic,hypoglycaemic agents

Answer 36

Shortage of insulin, often precipiated by an underlying cause Circulation of fatty acids, glucagon, adrenaline,ketone bodies=ACIDOSIS bicarbonate buffering system attempts to compensate and maintain homeostasis but quickly overwhelmed ``` ss nausea, vom, HT,tachy, dehydration, cerebral oedema, confusion, lethargy, fruity breath POLYDIPSIA POLYURIA POLYPHAGIA ``` treatment fluid replacement, airway mx, insulin, glucose,

Answer 37

results in osmotic diruesis but in the absence of ketone bodies usually occurs in T2 DM pt who still secrete enough insulin to mitigate to formation of ketone bodies ss hyperglycaemia, polyuria, dehydration, seizure, coma, death, sensory/motor impairment treatment IV fluid electrolyte replacement

Answer 38

damage to retina with prolonged hyperglycaemia or poorly controlled BSL in diabetic pt can cause blindness

Answer 39

nerve damage secondary to poorly controlled diabetes results of poor vascular supply to nerve endings ss dizziness, dysphagia, nerve pain, sexual dysfunction, speech impairment

Answer 40

progressive renal impairment/damage caused by damage to the blood vessels in the glomeruli scarring of the glomeruli ss tiredness, headache, nausea and vomiting, frequent urination, lower limb oedema

Answer 41

ventricular dilation, enlargement of heart cells, decrease systolic function, interstitual fibrosis caused by vascular disease, neuropathy, metabolic alterations, alteration of ion homeostatis

Answer 42

results from prolonged hyperglycaemia