GI

Question 1

Oesophagus function

Answer 1

Peristalsis
Called a bolus of food
Passage of food

Question 2

Mouth function

Answer 2

Mechanical digestion

Question 3

Small intestine function

Answer 3

Mechanical- segmentation and peristalsis
3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Site of most absorption increased surface area and increase absorption

Question 4

Large intestine function

Answer 4

Further absorption and passage of waste

Production of vitamins l

Question 5

Liver function

Answer 5

Produces bile

First recognises what has been swallowed

Question 6

Gall bladder function

Answer 6

Stores excess bile, contraction of bike allows delivery of bike into GI tract

Question 7

Pancreas function

Answer 7

Secretes digestive enzymes

Regulation of bile secretion

Question 8

Dysphagia

Answer 8

Difficulty of swallowing
Mechanical of functioning obstruction of Oesophagus
Decrease in muscle tone and peristaltic function

Question 9

Gastroesophageal reflux

Answer 9

Regurgitation of chyme from stomach into the Oesophagus normally due to sphincter malfunction

Will affect mucus membrane and muscle

Question 10

Oesophageal diverticulum

Answer 10

Outpouching of Oesophagus (trapped food)
Can lead to dysphagia and regurgitation
2 types- sliding and paraoesphageal

Question 11

Pyloric obstruction

Answer 11

Narrowing/blockage of pylorus due to congenital defect, tumor, peptic/duodenum ulcers

Ss: epigastric fullness, nausea, epigastric pain

Question 12

Diverticulosis

Answer 12

Prevents normal movement of chyme in GI
Usually mechanical
Can be complete or incomplete

Can impair blood supply

Question 13

Maldigestion

Answer 13

Failure of chemical process of digestion

Question 14

Malabsorption

Answer 14

Failure of intestinal absorption

Question 15

Pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 15

Insufficient enzyme production carb fat protein digestion

Question 16

Lactose enzyme deficiency

Answer 16

Inhibits lactose breakdown into mono carbs

Develops in adulthood

Question 17

Bile salt deficiency

Answer 17

Necessary for fat digestion caused by malabsorption

Inadequate secretion of bike impaired reabsorption of bike salt due it ILEAL disease

Question 18

Gastritis

Answer 18

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

2types
Fundal-degeneration of fundus and stomach mucosa
Antral- caused by H. pylori

Question 19

Peptic ulcers

Answer 19

Acidic component that is causative in disease progression

Mucosal ulceration of stomach/duodenum

Can effect one or more layers

Question 20

3 types of peptic ulcers

Answer 20

Duodenal-increase gastrin and increase HCL, most common , pain when stomach is empty

Gastric- gastric secretion normal or decrease, pain after eating

Stress- develops after stress and trauma due to ischaemia

Question 21

Liver- portal hypertension

Answer 21

Caused by increased resistance to venous flow in portal, sinusoid, hepatic vein due to obstruction of blood flow

Can be pre hepatic, intra hepatic, post hepatic

Question 22

Oesophageal varices

Answer 22

Chronic bleeding from varices due to erosion by gastric acid, Increase venous pressure leads to hemorrhage

Question 23

Ascites

Answer 23

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity caused by cirrhosis, congenital heart failure, pancreatitis

Fluid is trapped cannot escape due to HT, decrease plasma protein- oedema-NA+ and H2o retention

Question 24

Hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 24

Inflammation of brain tissue due to biochemical alterations that affect neurotransmission

Complex neurological syndrome
Characterised by impaired cerebral function, ECG changes, confusion, coma/death

Question 25

Stomach function

Answer 25

Called chyme Breakdown of proteins 3 regions Peristalsis and mechanical churning

Question 26

Colitis

Answer 26

Ulceration of the colonic mucosa from colon-rectum Caused by dietary, genetics, inflammation, immune mediated

Question 27

Ulcerative colitis

Answer 27

Chronic inflamm causing ulceration, abcess formation and necrosis of colonic/rectum mucosa

Question 28

Crohn's disease

Answer 28

Affects large/small intestines Skip lesions of SI Ulceration involves all layers of lumen

Question 29

Diverticulosis

Answer 29

Presence of outpouching

Question 30

Diverticulitis

Answer 30

Inflamm of diverticula

Question 31

Diverticular disease

Answer 31

Outpouching of colonic mucosa through muscle layers of colon wall

Question 32

Appendicitis

Answer 32

Inflammation of appendix

Question 33

Polyps

Answer 33

Benign growth into lumen of large intestines Neoplastic- proliferation of crypt cells Non-neoplastic- raised lesions on colonic mucosa

Question 34

Haemorrhoids

Answer 34

Dilation of venous plexus surrounding rectal/anal areas Due to constipation and pregnancy

Question 35

Jaundice

Answer 35

Yellow pigmentation of skin of sclera of eyes due to hyperbilirubinemia Disorder of bile ducts and liver cells

Question 36

Hepatorenal syndrome

Answer 36

Functional kidney failure caused by advanced liver disease with portal hypertension Renal failure caused by decrease to blood flow to kidneys usually due to massive GI haemorrhage or liver failure

Question 37

Cirrhosis

Answer 37

Irreversible inflamm disease | Disrupts liver structure and function

Question 38

Viral hepatitis

Answer 38

Inflamm of liver with necrosis of hepatocytes

Question 39

Pancreatitis

Answer 39

Inflammation of the pancreas Can be chronic and acute

Question 40

Choleithiasis

Answer 40

Formation of gallstones which can lead to inflammation Two types cholesterol and pigment

Question 41

Cholecystitis

Answer 41

Acute/chronic inflamm of gallbladder/cystic duct Occurs due to gallstone in cystic duct GB becomes distended/inflamed with pain

Question 42

GORD

Answer 42

Heartburn and regurgitation

Question 43

Causes of high gi bleeds

Answer 43

``` Esophagitis Cancer Gastric ulcer Varices Reflux ```

Question 44

Causes of low GI bleeds

Answer 44

Diverticulosis Colitis Cancer Haemorrhoids