Communicable diseases

Question 1

infectious vs communicable diseases

Answer 1

infectious- illness caused by specific microorganism

communicable- infectious disease transmitted from one person to another

Question 2

endemic

Answer 2

diseases with relatively high but constant rates of infection in a particular population

Question 3

epidemic

Answer 3

the number of new infections exceeds the normal number of infections in a population

Question 4

pandemic

Answer 4

an epidemic that spreads across continents or worldwide

Question 5

portal of exit

Answer 5

GI tract
reproductive system
resp tact
skin

Question 6

modes of transmission

Answer 6

direct contact
indirect contact
food
water borne
airborne

Question 7

HIV/AIDS

Answer 7

progressive deficency of immune cells, activation and immune response
via apoptosis, autoimmunity, direct killing of infected cells

transfer via blood and body fluids
its a single stranded envelope virus that lays dormant is host cell while it replicates and disseminates

ATTACKS- CD4, T helper, macrophages, dendritic

risk factors
high risk sexual behaviour, IV drug use, blood transfusion recipient, infants born with a HIV positive mother

Question 8

SS of HIV

Answer 8

elevated viral load
acute infection
fever, malaise
rash, oesophageal abrasions and lesions
latency
opportunistic infections

Question 9

Chronic Vs Acute HIV infection

Answer 9

acute- rapid replication stage, extreme depletion of CD4 cells, B cells produce antibodies

chronic- powerful immune response, activation of virus within lymph noses

Question 10

AIDs

Answer 10

is when CD4 cell numbers reach a critically low leven and CMI is complelety depleted

infections occur e.g pneumonia

most develop AIDs within 10 years depending on co-morbities, environment and health care access

supresses activity of bone marrow

Question 11

tuberculosis

Answer 11

infection caused by aerobic bacterium (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

they have a unique cell wall structure which allows them to adapt

• lipid enhanced barrier
• carb structure that is facilitates its survival within macrophages

transmission via droplets

Question 12

patho of tuberculosis

Answer 12

infectious droplets make their way into the airways

• gets caught in mucus and moved upwards for removal
• bacteria that bypasses this reach the alveoli and are engulfed by macrophages

Question 13

ss of tuberculosis

Answer 13

cough >3 weeks
fevers
unexplained weight loss
night sweats
extreme lethargy
loss of appetite
blood stained sputum/cough

Question 14

Chlamydia

Answer 14

caused by bacteria chlamydia trachomatis

transmitted by unprotected sex
treated by antibiotics

if left untreated can lead to PID and infertility

Question 15

Gonorrhoea

Answer 15

caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
transmitted by sex or vaginal delivery

can lead to PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility if not treated, treated with antibiotics

ss
dysuria, urethritis, purulent genital discharge, often assymptomatic