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Clin Sci 3 > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Vol of RBC

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2
Q

Leukocyte function

A

Destroys microorganism at site of infection, found in buffy coat

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3
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBC count, normal response to stressor and can also occurs in leukaemia

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4
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease number of WBC, caused by radiation, chemo, SLE

decrease in response to infection as they are all in the same place

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5
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Destroys parasites in GI, ovary, uterus, spleen

For allergy, eczema, asthma

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6
Q

Eosinopenia

A

Decrease in Eosinophils in blood usually caused by stress, steroids, Cushing’s syndrome, shock, trauma, burns

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7
Q

Eosinophilia

A

High number of eosinophils in blood eg allergies, asthma, hay fever, drug allergies, dermatitis, HIV, parasitic infection, blood cancers

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8
Q

Basophil function

A

Involved in allergic reaction and inflammation

Release of histamine, large granules

1-2 days

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9
Q

Heparin function

A

Prevents clotting

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10
Q

Basopenia

A

Decrease basophils, seen in hives anaphylaxis, hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Elements of blood (3)

A

Plasma 55%- water, proteins, salts

Buffy coat- wbc, platelets

Erythrocytes- RBC

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12
Q

Mast cell function

A

Found in tissue
Ige Receptor
Similar to basophils
Antibodies attach to mast cells release histamine when allergen encountered

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13
Q

Mastocytosis

A

Too many
Excessive histamine release
Increase itching, anaphylactic shock, pigmentosa

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14
Q

Neutrophil function

A 
4-5 days 
50-70% of WBC
Phagocytic
Destroys harmful microorganism, foreign material
Acute inflammation- pus 
Antibacterial
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15
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decrease in neutrophil

Causes: cancer, radiation, haemodialysis

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16
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increase neutrophils, occurs in first stage of infection if demand is high, immature ones will be released, maybe be because of appendicitis, malignancy and splenectomy

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17
Q

Monocyte function

A

Largest WBC
Phagocytic
Can change into dendritic/macrophages these cells then stimulate lymphocytes

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18
Q

Monocytosis

A

Increased monocytes caused by infection e.g leukaemia

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19
Q

Monocytopenia

A 
Decreased monocytes 
Rare
E.g
Acute infection
Drugs
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20
Q

Dendritic cell function

A

Stimulates lymphocytes

Resides in lymph nodes, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBC
starts as a stem cell
B2,9,12 cause cell maturity
The hormone EPO CONTROLS this process and produced mainly in kidney

It boost RBC
Delays fatigue
Increase aerobic capacity

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22
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in RBC due to drug doping or physiological factors such as altitude, hypoxic disease( COPD, hypoxic sleep apnoea) or genetics

Ss -headache
Vertigo 
Enlarged spleen
Liver
Itchiness
Red skin
Ringing in ears
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23
Q

What is anemia

A

Reduction in total number of erythrocytes
Decrease in quality and quantity of haemoglobin
decrease blood vol

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24
Q

Causes of Anaemia

A 
Blood loss
Altered haemoglobin
Stem cell dysfunction 
Renal disease
Altered DNA synthesis 
Increase RBC destruction
Bone marrow infiltration
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25
Iron deficiency anaemia
Most common Common in women Impairs o2 carriage Due to haemorrhage, chronic infection, diet, diarrhoea, vomitting
26
Ss of Fe deficiency anaemia
``` Fatigue Lethargy Sob Pale earlobes Impaired capillary circulation Difficulty in swallowing Enzyme changes Mental confusion ```
27
Pernicious anaemia
-Caused by B12 deficiency, impaired uptake Maybe be genetic, autoimmune factors, gastrectomy, pancreatitis Due to lack of intrinsic factor in gastric mucosa Cannot bind to B12 to protect it DNA synthesis impaired
28
Ss of pernicious anaemia
Mood swings Memory loss Psychosis Can lead to death
29
Macrocytic anaemia- folate deficiency
Folic acid deficiency which is important for RBC development Absorption in upper GI Stored in liver, more easily depleted than B12
30
Thalassaemia
Inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder, Originated in Mediterranean region Variant/missing genes- affects haemoglobin production
31
Beta- thalassaemia
Too little of one type of chain and excess of non- deficient chains Defective haemoglobin Extra chains aggregate within cells and make them prone to haemolysis or destruction in the bone marrow Can be Minor- a symptomatic normal life expectancy, one chain Intermediate- manage normal life, occasional transfusion, 2 chains Major- two mutations, impairs growth, skeletal abnormalities, bronze colours skin, change in gonads
32
Alpha- thalassaemia
Deficient/absent in alpha chains( excess beta) Variety of clinical syndromes depending on how many genes are defective Common in Asian/African population
33
Types of alpha- thalassaemia
Silent- no anaemia, no tx Minor- minimal/absent anaemia, no symptoms, no tx required ``` Hb H disease- common in Asian populations 3 alpha genes deleted Abnormal red cells Breakdown of RBC TX- folate ``` Hb Barts Hydrops foe tails- all 4 alpha genes deleted, high oxygen affinity, cannot release oxygen
34
Definition of bleeding
Loss of blood escaping from circulatory system Internal- blood vessel External- mouth, nose, ear, vsgina, anus,skin break
35
Classes of bleeds
Class 1- 15% of blood vol eg subconjunctival hemorrhage Class 2- 15-30% of blood vol eg stomach cancer, bleeding Class 3- 30-40% of blood vol eg pulmonary hemorrhage
36
Causes of bleeding
Traumatic injury Medical condition Intravascular changes- within vessel Intramuscular- changes of wall within vessels Extravascular: changes outside blood vessels
37
Haemostasis
Stopping or controlling of bleeding VASOSPASM- construction of blood vessels, first response to injury, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets FORMATION OF PLATELET PLUG ACTIVATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE- platelets adhere to site of vascular injury, clotting factor released, fibrinogen-fibrin strands precipitate, form clot) FORMATION OF CLOT CLOT RETRACTION- shrinking of clot, pull edges of wound together. Occurs due to: contraction of platelets, intergrins anchor platelets to fibrin threads CLOT DISSOLUTION
38
Mast cell function
IgE receptor Found in tissue Antibody attaches to mast cell and mast cells release histamine when allergen encountered
39
Mastocytosis
Too many mast cells Excessive histamine release Increased itching
40
Neutropenia
Decreased neutrophils | Causes include cancer, haemodialysis, radiation
41
Neutrophil function
50-70% of WBC destroys harmful micro organisms, foreign material Acute inflammation, pus
42
Neutrophilia
Increased neutrophils Occurs in first stage of infection, if demand is high immature ones will be released May be because of appendicitis, malignancy, splenectomy
43
Monocytes function
Largest WBC moves to site of infection and increase in size Change into dendritic/macrophages APC Cells stimulate lymphocytes
44
Monocytosis
Increase in monocytes | Caused by infection, leukaemia, autoimmune, neutropenia
45
Monocytopenia
Decreased monocytes, rare
46
Dendritic cell function
Stimulates the immune system | Reside in lymph nodes, nose,lungs,stomach,intestines
47
Erythropoiesis
Production of RBC starts from a stem cell B2,9,12 stimulates cell maturity The hormone EPO controls Erythropoiesis Production mainly in kidneys EPO - boosts RBC - increased aerobic capacity - delays fatigue
48
Polycythemia
Increase in RBC due to drug doping,physiological factors such as altitude, hypoxic disease (COPD), genetics, disease related ( abnormal bone marrow Ss headache, vertigo, enlarged spleen, liver, itchiness, red skin, ringing in ears
49
Anaemia definition
Reduction in total number of erythrocytes Decrease in quality and quantity of haemoglobin Decrease in RBC vol
50
Causes of Anemia
``` Blood loss Altered haemoglobin synthesis Stem cell dysfunction Renal disease Decrease production of RBC altered DNA synthesis Increased RBC destruction bone marrow infiltration ```
51
Iron deficiency anaemia
Most common, and in women Impairs 02 carriage Due to haemorrhage, diet,diarrhoea, vomiting, chronic infection Ss: fatigue, lethargy, SOB, pale earlobes, difficulty in swallowing, enzyme changes, mental confusion Ss fatigue , lethargy, SOB, pale earlobes, sore tongue, difficulty in swallowing, mental confusion, memory loss, increase infection
52
Pernicious anaemia
- Cause by vit B12 deficiency, impaired uptake of Vit B 12 | - genetic ,autoimmune factors, gastroectomy, pancreatitis may be involved
53
Macrolytic anaemia- folate deficiency
Folic acid deficiency- important for RBC development | Absorption in upper SI
54
Normocytic Anaemia- increase RBC destruction
Increase in haemolysis | Can be caused by trauma, infection, sickle cell
55
Thalassaemia
Inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders Originated in Mediterranean region Weakening and destruction of RBC variant/ missing gene which affect haemoglobin production
56
Beta- Thalassaemia
Too little of one type of chain and excess of non-deficient chains Defective haemoglobin Extra chains aggregate within cells and make them prone to haemolysis or destruction in bone marrow/spleen
57
Types of beta Thalassaemia
Minor- a symptomatic, normal life expectancy Intermediate- manage normal life, occasional transfusions, two chains have mutation Major- two mutations, impairs growth, skeletal abnormalitites, bronze coloured skin, progresses to death
58
Alpha Thalassaemia
Deficient/absent in alpha chains, excess beta Variety of clinical syndromes depending on how many genes are defective Common in Asian, African populations
59
Types of alpha Thalassaemia
Silent- no anaemia, no Tx Minor- minimal/absent anaemia, no symptoms/Tx Hb H disease- 3 alpha genes deleted, abnormal RBC cells, break down of RBC, Mid-life threatening Hb Barts Hydrops foe tails( major)- all 4 alpha genes deleted High oxygen affinity, cannot release oxygen
60
Causes of bleeding
``` Traumatic injury Medical conditions Intravascular changes Intramuscular changes Extravascular changes ```
61
Haemostasis
Vasospasm- constriction of blood vessels, first response to injury, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets Formation of platelet plug Activation of coagulation cascade-platelets adhere to site of vascular injury,clotting factor released, fibrinogen-fibre strands precipitate, form clot Formation of clot Clot retraction- shrinking of clot, pull edges of sound together occurs due to contraction of platelets, intergrins anchor platelets to fibrin threads Clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)
62
Haemophilia
A-genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII, increased bleeding, inherited x linked, can lead to joint deformity B- deficiency of IX, X linked recessive, several mutations, effects ranging from a symptomatic to severe haemorrhage Ss: unexplained excessive bruising, blood in faeces, pooling of blood, prolonged bleeding from cuts C- herditary deficiency of factor XI,milder disease
63
Leukaemia
Cancer of WBC Affects ability to produce normal blood cells Bone marrow makes abnormally large number of immature WBC SS: weight loss, SOB, pain/bone tenderness, muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, night sweats, easy bruising/bleeding Causes: radiation, chemicals,viruses, mostly unknown, genes
64
Acute leukaemia
Rapid increase in the number of Immature blood cells Immediate treatment required due to rapid progression and accumulation of malignant cells Most common form in children Can kill you fast 2 forms Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 60% of cases, overproduction of immature WBC, common in kids Ss: growth failure, fever, anaemia,bleeding Acute mylenogenous leukaemia Overproduction of immature WBC More common in adults, 3 subtypes Ss: anaemia, fever,bleeding
65
Chronic leukAemia
``` Excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal WBC takes month to years to progress Mostly I'm older people High white blood cell count Kills you slowly ``` Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia Very close growing Incurable Treatment based on age and presentation Chronic mylenogenous leukaemia Increased proliferation of the granulocytic cell without the loss of their capacity to differentiate Increase mylenoid, erythroid, platelets in blood Originates in a single abnormal stem cell
66
Leukaemogenesis
The development of leukaemia
67
Lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic system- lymph nodes,spleen, thymus,tort tissue Tend to be solid tumours
68
Non-hodgkins lymphoma
Risk factors Environmental agents e.g radiation Inherited genetic abnormalities Males, >50 ``` Ss Fever, night sweats, weakness Weight loss Abdo pain Eosinophilia Lymphadenopathy ```
69
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Cancer originates from lymphocytes Characterised by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another Ss: enlarged painless mass in neck, skin lesions, itching, scratching, body weight loss Treatment Chemo, radiation, stem cell transplant

Clin Sci 3 (6 decks)

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