Immunology

Question 1

What 4 aspects of the skin contribute to the immunological system

Answer 1

Structure
Cell types
Cytokines, chemokines etc
Genetics

Question 2

Does the innate immunity require memory

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Does the adaptive immunity require memory

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Describe a normal immune response

Answer 4

Infection is controlled by the body

Question 5

Describe hypersensitivity

Answer 5

Overreaction to antigen

Question 6

Describe immunodeficiency

Answer 6

Infection not controlled and tumours may form

Question 7

Describe autoimmunity

Answer 7

Reaction to host tissue

Chronic inflammation

Question 8

What is the keratin layer’s main function

Answer 8

Physical barrier

Question 9

What is the keratin layer also known as

Answer 9

The Stratum Corneum

Question 10

Patients with psoriasis have high levels of antimicrobial peptides. True or False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What type of cells are structural and functional cells of the epidermis

Answer 11

Keratinocytes

Question 12

What type of cells produce antimicrobial peptides

Answer 12

Keratinocytes

Question 13

What is the function of cytokines and chemokines in the epidermis

Answer 13

To recruit and regulate cells of the adaptive and innate immune system

Question 14

What type of cell are Langerhans cells

Answer 14

Dendritic cells

Question 15

What are Langerhans cells characterised by

Answer 15

The Birbeck granule

Question 16

What do APCs process

Answer 16

Lipid antigens and microbial fragments and present them to effector T cells

Question 17

Healthy skin contains a low number of T lymphocytes in both the epidermis and dermis. True or false

Answer 17

No healthy skin contains a large number of T cells

Question 18

T cells found in the epidermis are mainly what kind of T cells

Answer 18

CD8 T cells

Question 19

What type of T cells are found in the dermis

Answer 19

CD4 and CD8 cells

Question 20

TH1 cells are involved with what condition

Answer 20

psoriasis

Question 21

TH2 cells are involved in what condition

Answer 21

atopic dermatitis

Question 22

TH17 cells are involved in what condition

Answer 22

Both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis

Question 23

Where are T cells produced

Answer 23

Bone marrow

Question 24

Where are T cells sensitised

Answer 24

The thymus

Question 25

What 2 types of dendritic cells are found in the dermis

Answer 25

Dermal DC | Plasmacytoid DC

Question 26

What cells are the effectors of IgE-mediated immune responses

Answer 26

Mast cells

Question 27

Binding of what causes activation of the mast cell and release of inflammatory mediators

Answer 27

IgE

Question 28

Name some skin conditions associated with inappropriate immune responses

Answer 28

``` Psoriasis Atopic dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid contact dermatitis Urticaria Systemic lupus erythematosus Skin infections Skin tumours ```

Question 29

What triggers psoriasis

Answer 29

Environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals

Question 30

What is often affected as well as the skin in patients with psoriasis

Answer 30

Nails and hair

Question 31

In what age group is atopic eczema most common

Answer 31

Children

Question 32

Give 4 examples of acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 32

AIDS Malignancy Aging Diabetes

Question 33

What type of reaction is a hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 33

Type 1

Question 34

What immunoglobulin controls Type 1 reactions

Answer 34

IgE

Question 35

What type of antibody is mediated in type 2 and 3 reactions

Answer 35

IgG and IgM

Question 36

What type of reaction is important in what 2 things

Answer 36

Autoimmunity and transplantation

Question 37

Skin testing in type 3 hypersensitivity leads to what

Answer 37

Arthus reaction (slower than type 1 but faster than type 4)

Question 38

What cells mediate type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 38

TH1 cells

Question 39

Give 2 examples of reactions that are type 4

Answer 39

Tuberculin reaction and contact allergy

Question 40

In type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, where does IgE bind to?

Answer 40

FceR1 receptor on mast cells

Question 41

WHat are 2 common allergens that result in a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 41

metals such as Nickel and chromate and drugs

Question 42

What 3 major things contribute to the skins immune response

Answer 42

``` Organ transplant (immunosuppression) sunlight/ UV Ageing (changes in structure) ```

Question 43

What two things does the skin immune surveillance system do

Answer 43

Protect against infection and skin tumour development

Question 44

What does immunodeficiency result from?

Answer 44

An inadequate immune response

Question 45

Name the 4 main cell types involved in the epidermis

Answer 45

Keratinocytes Langerhans cells T cells Melanocytes

Question 46

Name 6 cell types involved in the dermis

Answer 46

``` Dendritic cells Macrophages T cells Natural killer cells Fibroblasts Lymph / vasculature ```