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Immunology > Immunology 3 ( T Cell Mediated Immunity) > Flashcards

Immunology 3 ( T Cell Mediated Immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

Do T cells produce antibodies?

A

No

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2
Q

Do T cells produce secreted TCRs

A

No

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3
Q

What family are TCRs and Immunoglobulins members of?

A

The immunoglobulin superfamily

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4
Q

True are false: the variable domain on each t-cell differs?

A

True

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5
Q

Describe the make up of a T cell receptor.

A

Alpha chain and beta chain. Constant alpha and variable alpha and constant beta and variable beta

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6
Q

How do helper T cells help B cells?

A

Help them differentiate into Ig secreting plasma cells

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7
Q

How do helper T cells help macrophages?

A

Activates them so they can carry out phagocytosis and killing

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8
Q

What at T cells relationship with APCs?

A

T cells can not interact directly with antigens can only interact with antigens presented on cells (APC)

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9
Q

What is the only type of antigen T cells will recognise?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What allows the antigen peptide to be presented on APCs?

A

A surface membrane protein called HLA in humans MHC in mammals

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11
Q

What is the mhc1 receptor made of?

A

Alpha 1,2,3 and a beta micro globulin

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12
Q

What type of T cells bind to HLA class 1 cells?

A

Cd8 cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

What is the HLA class ii receptors made of?

A

Beta 1,2 and alpha 1,2. ( the 1’s are closest to the antigen)

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14
Q

What T cells bind to HLA class 2?

A

Helper T cells

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15
Q

What are the helper proteins for HLA-t cells interactions?

A

Cd4 (helper) and cd8 (cytotoxic)

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16
Q

What is cd8 made of?

A

Two polypeptide chains that bind to alpha 3 of the HLA class 1

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17
Q

What is cd4 made of?

A

It is a single polypeptide but with 4 immunoglobulin like domains ( part of superfamily) that bind to the side of the beta 2 domain of HLA 2

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18
Q

What are protein antigens in the cytoplasm degraded in?

A

A complex called a proteosome

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19
Q

How are peptides transferred the proteosome to the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Via peptide transporter proteins.

20
Q

What length are the processed peptides?

A

8 or 9 aa

21
Q

Where do the processed peptides meet the newly synthesised HLA 1?

A

In smooth endoplasmic reticulum via peptide transporter gateways. Once complex they move to the surface

22
Q

What happens after enocytosis of exogenous particles?

A

Internalised into a vacuole. Enzymes entering the vacuole degrade the antigen.newly synthesised HLA 2 is transported to vacuoles and complexed with antigen peptide aa

23
Q

What processing do infected cells do?

A

HLA class 1 processing

24
Q

What do B cells that have taken in bound antigen do?

A

HLA type ii processing- helper T cell comes and turns B cell into a plasma cell

25
Q

Can most cells process HLA 1 and 2?

A

Most cells type 1

Mostly immune cells type 2

26
Q

What types of cells express high levels of type HLA type 1 and 2?

A

Dendritic cells

27
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted proteins that regulate cellular activity

28
Q

How do cytokines work?

A

By binding to cell surface receptors and triggering intercellular signalling pathways

29
Q

State the 5 types of cytokines

A

1) interleukins
2) tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
3) interferons
4) colony stimulating factor
5) chemokines

30
Q

What to TH1 cells do?

A

Drive cell mediated immunity through t-cells and macrophages

31
Q

What IL does Th1 produce and what does it do?

A

IL-2 activates proliferation of T cells.

32
Q

What interferon do th1 cells mostly produce and what does it do?

A

INF-gamma main function is to activate macrophages to activate and stimulate phagocytic digestive functions

33
Q

What is the main objective of th2 cells?

A

Activation of B cells and production of antibodies (not to activate T cells and macrophages)

34
Q

Do th1 and th2 work together?

A

No, they inhibit each others activity through their cytokines

35
Q

What are th0 cells?

A

When Th cells leave the thymus they are not committed to being Th1 or Th2.

36
Q

What determines if a th0 call become Th1 or Th2?

A

The cytokine signals it receives at time of activation with an antigen - polarisation!!!

37
Q

What cytokine produces th1 and th2 cells?

A

IL-12 produces th1

il-4 produces th2

38
Q

In lymph nodes where do T cells primarily locate?

A

The paracortex

39
Q

Where do the B cells usually locate?

A

In the follicles

40
Q

In the lymph nodes there do t-cells and dendritic cells usually interact?

A

Paracortex

41
Q

Where do helper T cells and B cells interact?

A

At the edge of the follicles

42
Q

In the paracortex what activates T and B cells??

A

Activation of antigen specific T cells by dendritic cells and activation of antigen specific B cells by T cells

43
Q

How long does it take B cells to mature in the germinal centre?

A

3-5 days

44
Q

What 4 steps are involved in maturation of a instead B cells?

A

1) division - increases with size of response
2) antigenic selection- increases affinity of response- bad B cells destroyed
3) class switching- increases effector functions
4) formation of plasma cells and memory cells

45
Q

Do all plasma cells go back to site of infection?

A

No, some go to bone marrow and produce antibodies from there

Immunology (8 decks)

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